Thinking activity:-An Artist of the Floating World - Kazuo

Hello readers...

This blog is the part of my thinking activity in classroom. In this blog I would like to talk about one famous novel An Artist of the Floating World by Kazuo.so let's see first about the Novel.

Kazuo Ishiguro :-

Sir Kazuo Ishiguro (born 8 November 1954) is a British novelist, screenwriter, musician, and short-story writer. He was born in Nagasaki, Japan, and moved to Britain in 1960 when he was five. Ishiguro is one of the most celebrated contemporary fiction authors in English. He has received four Man Booker Prize nominations and won the award in 1989 for his novel The Remains of the Day. Time named Ishiguro's novel Never Let Me Go the best novel of 2005 and one of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005.

In 2017, the Swedish Academy awarded Ishiguro the Nobel Prize in Literature, describing him in its citation as a writer "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world".

 

About novel:-

An Artist of the Floating World (1986)[1] is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning British author Kazuo Ishiguro. It is set in post-World War II Japan and is narrated by Masuji Ono, an ageing painter, who looks back on his life and how he has lived it. He notices how his once great reputation has faltered since the war and how attitudes towards him and his paintings have changed. The chief conflict deals with Ono's need to accept responsibility for his past actions, rendered politically suspect in the context of post-War Japan. The novel ends with the narrator expressing good will for the young white-collar workers on the streets at lunchbreak. The novel also deals with the role of people in a rapidly changing political environment and with the assumption and denial of guilt.

The novel is considered as both historical fiction and global literature (Weltliteratur).[2] It is considered historical fiction on account of its basis in a past that predates the author's own experiences, and it draws from historical facts. It is also considered global literature on account of its broad international market and its thematicisation of how the world today is interconnected.

1. 'Lantern' appears 34 times in the novel. Even on the cover page, the image of lanterns is displayed. What is the significance of Lantern in the novel?

Lanterns are the symbol of the floating world. They represent the fleeting beauty and warmth of nightlife as well as the transience of the traditional way of life in Japan, which vanishes after the war. Lanterns are the old-fashioned, welcoming source of soft light at Mrs. Kawakami's. Within their spheres of light Masuji Ono is embraced. 

2. Write about 'Masuji Ono as an Unreliable Narrator'?

An Artist of the Floating World is a masterpiece that glides in out and of many dimensions. On the one hand, it is a story of generations separated by a massive ideological gulf. On the other, it is about an older man attempting to come to terms with his mistaken philosophies. It is also a historical fiction set in the Japan of limbos; Japan, which has suffered because of its misplaced imperialism, been shattered by bombings and is now critical of the past and every person representing it. At the heart of it is an unreliable narrator, Masuji Ono. Once an acclaimed painter, Ono is our guide through post-World War II Japan and its sociopolitical and emotional trauma; felt in extremities like the once-vibrant pleasure districts destroyed by bombings and kids who loved Popeye and Godzilla.

The book is a contemplative journey.

3. Debate on the Uses of Art / Artist (Five perspectives: 1. Art for the sake of art - aesthetic delight, 2. Art for Earning Money / Business purpose, 3. Art for Nationalism / Imperialism - Art for the propaganda of

 Government Power, 4. Art for the Poor / Marxism, and 5. No need of art and artist (Masuji's father's approach):-

Art is a central theme of the novel, with One's role as a propaganda artist being the chief storyline. The novel questions the ability of art to influence and inspire political action within a community. There is a large conflict between whether art should be politicized or whether it should be simply a source of pleasure and gratification.Art for the sake of art - aesthetic delight When summarized in this way, the novel sounds misleadingly like the depiction of a straightforward decline: as if Ono’s artistic ambition leads him first to aloof and implicitly elitist aestheticism, and then from aestheticism to overtly elitist fascism, as Walter Benjamin might have predicted:

“Fiat ars – pereat mundus”, says Fascism, and, as Marinetti admits, expects war to supply the artistic gratification of a sense perception that has been changed by technology. 

4. What is the relevance of this novel is our times?

In our time we find the same thing which we see in novel. Self-Perception, and Self-Deception are also we can see in our time.We also faced problem like Family Reputation, Family Secrets, and Familial Loss. In our t

Intergenerational Conflict are more we find in today's time.this novel is basesd on City, Nation, History.Also, According to countries people what's Nationalism? what do you believe if I know that there are so many soldiers, who will die for country. we can say that this is the true Nationalism but In my opinion like you can invent any new things from your own mind and gives for country so that's also Nationalism.

This time is also very relevant with the Floating world. We can say that we are living in a floating world. Specially after this pandemic we can say that we all are in that kind of situation when we all are floating in air. 

Thank you....

Thinking Activity: George Orwell's 1984

Hello readers...

In this blog I would like to talk about the famous novel 1984 by George Orwell. This blog is part of my thinking activity in classroom work.

About novel:-

Nineteen Eighty-four, also published as 1984, novel by English author George Orwell published in 1949 as a warning against totalitarianism. The chilling dystopia made a deep impression on readers, and his ideas entered mainstream culture in a way achieved by very few books. The book’s title and many of its concepts, such as Big Brother and the Thought Police, are instantly recognized and understood, often as bywords for modern social and political abuses.

Here are my responses on the various points:-

 What Dystopian Fiction?

Dystopian fiction offers a vision of the future. Dystopias are societies in cataclysmic decline, with characters who battle environmental ruin, technological control, and government oppression. Dystopian novels can challenge readers to think differently about current social and political climates, and in some instances can even inspire action.

Characteristics of Dystopian Fiction:-

The central themes of dystopian novels generally fall under these topics:

1)Government control

2)Environmental destruction

3)Technological control

4)Survival

5)Loss of individualism

Dystopias are societies in cataclysmic decline, with characters who battle environmental ruin, technological control, and government oppression. Dystopian novels can challenge readers to think differently about current social and political climates, and in some instances can even inspire action.

Is 1984 dystopian fiction?:-

George Orwell’s 1984 is a defining example of dystopian fiction in that it envisions a future where society is in decline, totalitarianism has created vast inequities, and innate weaknesses of human nature keep the characters in a state of conflict and unhappiness.

The novel 1984 is a dystopian novel that tells the story of Winston Smith and how is tries to rebel against the totalitarian state in which he lives. ... Orwell wrote 1984 to warn society about what would happen if we accept totalitarian governments into society.

In 1984, Orwell creates a technologically advanced world in which fear is used as a tool for manipulating and controlling individuals who do not conform to the prevailing political orthodoxy. In his attempt to educate the reader about the consequences of certain political philosophies and the defects of human nature, Orwell manipulates and usurps the utopian tradition and creates a dystopia, a fictional setting in which life is extremely bad from deprivation, oppression, or terror. Orwell's dystopia is a place where humans have no control over their own lives, where nearly every positive feeling is squelched, and where people live in misery, fear, and repression.

It's a dystopian novel, which means that Orwell speculates on the future by emphasizing the ways a present situation could turn ugly. Unlike utopias and utopian fiction, which imagine a perfect and idealized society, dystopias dramatize the many ways things could go wrong. War could break out. The government could watch us on a massive surveillance system. 

Q.2 your learning about the novel from online screening of the film:-

Screening helps us to understand so many things. The novel 1984 by George Orwell is one of the interesting novel and we also did a screening of this novel. Such things are very clear to understand with help of screening. In this work screening helps to understand such a situation of dystopian society. How people were brainwashed and how everyone obeyed particular parties it’s clear to mind. It throws light on so many things. Whatever we see is more memorable than we watch.

Here in this screenshot we can say that big brother is always watching them.and they try to ruled them.

In this picture you can see that all mens hands are crossing and they said that two minutes hate and they said "B". Here Big brother is on screen and try to control all and by his side.

This picture described that how the party of big brother brainwashing the protagonist Winston Smith.By using this they wants people's favour towards their party.

What according to you is the central theme of this novel? :-

If we focus on theme that in it o find one Central theme it is Totalitarianism. It  is one of the major themes of the novel, 1984. It presents the type of government where even the head of the government is unknown to the public. This theme serves as a warning to the people because such regime unleashes propaganda to make people believe in the lies presented by the government.

           Throughout the novel, there is no proof of Big Brother’s existence in Oceania. The Party exercises complete control not only on the sexual lives of their citizens such as Julia’s and Winston Smith but also on their thoughts, feelings and even writing a diary. The overall monitoring and surveillance of the people through telescreens and subversion of history through the Ministry of Truth are some of the common casualties of such regimes. The third casualty of the totalitarianism is the truth through language. This happens in the shape of mottos such as “War is Peace.”

Orwell designed 1984 to sound the alarm in Western nations still unsure about how to approach the rise of communism. In 1949, the Cold War had not yet escalated, many American intellectuals supported communism, and the state of diplomacy between democratic and communist nations was highly ambiguous. In the American press, the Soviet Union was often portrayed as a great moral experiment. 

What do you understand about the term 'Orwellian'?

Orwellian" is an adjective describing a situation, idea, or societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free and open society. ... The New York Times has said the term is "the most widely used adjective derived from the name of a modern writer".

 According to me something as "Orwellian" is to say that it brings to mind the fictional totalitarian society of Oceania described in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

In Orwell's novel, all citizens of Oceania are monitored by cameras, are fed fabricated news stories by the government, are forced to worship a mythical government leader called Big Brother, are indoctrinated to believe nonsense statements (the mantra "WAR IS PEACE, SLAVERY IS FREEDOM, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH"), and are subject to torture and execution if they question the order of things.

Thank you...

Thinking Activity:The Great Gatsby

Hello readers..

This blog is the part of my thinking activity in classroom. In this blog I would like to talk about one famous novel 'Great Gatsby' and his film adaptation.

So firstly we talk about this novel.

The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, the novel depicts narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby's obsession to reunite with his former lover, Daisy Buchanan.

The novel was inspired by a youthful romance Fitzgerald had with socialite Ginevra King and the riotous parties he attended on Long Island's North Shore in 1922. Following a move to the French Riviera, Fitzgerald completed a rough draft in 1924. He submitted the draft to editor Maxwell Perkins, who persuaded Fitzgerald to revise the work over the following winter. After making revisions, Fitzgerald was satisfied with the text, but remained ambivalent about the book's title and considered several alternatives. Painter Francis Cugat's final cover design impressed Fitzgerald who incorporated a visual element from the art into the novel.

Here I try to gave anwers of the some questions which is given by our.professor Dr.Dilip sir.

1) How did the film capture the Jazz Age - the Roaring Twenties of America in the 1920s?

Jazz music became wildly popular in the “Roaring Twenties,” a decade that witnessed unprecedented economic growth and prosperity in the United States. Consumer culture flourished, with ever greater numbers of Americans purchasing automobiles, electrical appliances, and other widely available consumer products.Cubed The achievement of material affluence became a goal for many US citizens as well as an object of satire and ridicule for the writers and intellectuals of the Lost Generation.

More than any other author, F. Scott Fitzgerald can be said to have captured the rollicking, tumultuous decade known as the Roaring Twenties, from its wild parties, dancing and illegal drinking to its post-war prosperity and its new freedoms for women.Above all, Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby has been hailed as the quintessential portrait of Jazz Age America, inspiring Hollywood adaptations populated by dashing bootleggers and glamorous flappers in short, fringed dresses.

2) How did the film help in understanding the characters of the novel?

This entire film gives a very clear idea about every character.And also give very clear idea about plot and novel.Here I want to interpret some movie scene and also give some differences between novel and movie.

The Great Gatsby is a text written by Nick that is not entirely original with Luhrmann—though the filmmaker takes this much further than Fitzgerald, showing Nick writing by hand, then typing, and finally compiling his finished manuscript. He even titles it, first just Gatsby, then adding, by hand, “The Great,” in a concluding flourish. (Fitzgerald himself went through many more potential titles.) As for that morbid alcoholism, Nick claims in the novel that he’s “been drunk just twice in my life,” but the movie slyly implies that he’s in denial, by showing him cross out “once” for “twice,” and then, in the frame story, suggesting that it was far more than that, really.

3) How did the film help in understanding the symbolic significance of 'The Valley of Ashes', 'The Eyes of Dr. T J Eckleberg' and 'The Green Light'?

The Green Light:

Nick first sees Gatsby stretching his arms towards a green light at the end of Daisy's dock. Here, the green light is a symbol of hope.After meeting up with Daisy in chapter five, the light ceases to be the emblem it once was:

“the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever... now it was again a green light on a dock.”

This symbolises the destruction of Gatsby's dream. By the end of chapter seven Gatsby is watching over nothing.Green also has connotations of life, growth and fertility, as in the Dutch sailors' discovery of the "fresh, green breast of the new world", suggesting that hopes and dreams for the future are necessary for life.

The Eyes of Doctor T. J Eckleburg :

A particular feature of the valley of ashes described at the start of chapter two (see the setting notes for further details) is the faded advertisement portraying a pair of blue and gigantic eyes looking through a pair of enormous spectacles.

The oculist who placed the 'Eyes' there has either gone out of business, or forgot them and moved away, but the huge eyes remain, staring emptily out over the wasteland.Later, in chapter eight, Wilson, although he is not a man with any religious faith, tells his neighbour Michaelis that:

'God sees everything'... Michaelis saw with a shock that he was looking at the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg.

The Valley of Ashes :

First introduced in Chapter 2, the valley of ashes between West Egg and New York City consists of a long stretch of desolate land created by the dumping of industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from the uninhibited pursuit of wealth, as the rich indulge themselves with regard for nothing but their own pleasure. The valley of ashes also symbolizes the plight of the poor, like George Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their vitality as a result.

4) How did the film capture the theme of racism and sexism?

In the novel, The Great Gatsby, the discourse of racism is unveiled through the voice of the old millionaire Tom Buchanan. Tom Buchanan tolerates racist ideology. His speechreveals the truth of the 1920s. From Foucault’s perspective, Tom Buchanan is a “parrhesiates” who “opens his heart and mind completely to other people through his discourse”Tom Buchanan advances racist remarks.While in New York with Jay Gatsby, Tom’s opinion about race is revealed through his speech with Daisy Buchanan; “Nowadays people begin by sneering at family life and familyinstitutions, and next they'll throw everything overboard and have intermarriage between black and white” (136). He disapproves of the intermarriage of races. Gatsby is “Mr Nobody from Nowhere”, and therefore, he constitutes a danger to the aristocracy (136). Even though Gatsby acquired wealth, he is still inferior to the old money because of his poor background.

Indeed, Tom’s racism and power constitute a hindrance to Jay Gatsby’s dream of Daisy. Accordingly, power promotes some people’s desires like Tom Buchanan, and at the same time oppresses and confines others and their wishes like Jay Gatsby. The persistence of Jay Gatsby to break the social structure and his endeavor to confront and resist that power lead him to demise. This is when George Wilson acquiesces to Tom’s attest that Gatsby killed Myrtle Wilson. This proves that Tom’s support of power leads George Wilson to accept his assertion without question. Thus, truth, or Parrhesia, should be related to power to be accepted. Furthermore, Fitzgerald does not side with Tom Buchanan and his racist ideology; he argues against Tom Buchanan’s racism and criticizes his infidelity and arrogance.

5) Watch the video on Nick Carraway and discuss him as a narrator.

Nick Carraway is The Great Gatsby's narrator, but he isn't the protagonist.

“In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since. "Whenever you feel like criticizing any one," he told me, "just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had." 

This makes Nick himself somewhat tricky to observe, since we see the whole novel through his eyes. How can you watch the narrator? This difficulty is compounded by the fact that Nick is an unreliable narrator—basically, a narrator who doesn't always tell us the truth about what's happening.In this post we will explore what we objectively know about Nick, what he does in the novel, his famous lines, common essay topics/discussion topics about Nick, and finally some FAQs about Mr. Carraway.

Since Nick gives a roughly chronological account of the summer of 1922, we get to see the development of Gatsby from mysterious party-giver to love-struck dreamer to tragic figure (who rose from humble roots and became rich, all in a failed attempt to win over Daisy). If Gatsby was the narrator, it would be harder for Fitzgerald to show that progression, unless Gatsby relayed his life story way out of order, which might have been hard to accomplish from Gatsby's POV.

The novel would have also been a much more straightforward story, probably with less suspense: Gatsby was born poor in South Dakota, became friends with Dan Cody, learned how to act rich, lost Cody's inheritance, fell in love with Daisy, fought in the war, became determined to win her back, turned to crime. In short, Fitzgerald could have told the same story, but it would have had much less suspense and mystery, plus it would have been much harder to relay the aftermath of Gatsby's death. Unless the point of view abruptly switched after Gatsby was shot, the reader would have no idea what exactly happened to Gatsby, what happened to George Wilson, and finally wouldn't be able to see Gatsby's funeral.Plus, with a narrator other than Gatsby himself, it's easier to analyze Gatsby as a character.

Thank you...

Thinking Activity:Northrope Frye's The Archetype of Literature

Hello readers..

This is the Blog is the part of my thinking activity in classroom.in this I would like to cover some points which is given by our professor Dilip sir.

 Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of 20th century. Northrop Frye developed a theory of literature based on myths and Archetypes.

Answers:-

1. What is Archetypal of Criticism? What does the Archetypal Critic do?

Ans. Archetype is a term of narrative design, symbol, character, dream, collective images, myths, ritual and universal thing are in literature. 'Archetype of criticism' means denotes recurrent narrative design and it may that to art into images and pattern of one another character and theme type of in literature. The Archetypal critic tries to find this pattern, symbol and myth in present literary work. 

2.What is Frye trying prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'?

Northrop Frye has given a very unique idea of Archetypal Criticism by comparing the human emotions or human characteristics with the cycle of seasons.

Spring

The Spring season represents the Comedy. As the genre of comedy is characterized by the birth of hero,revival and resurrection. Spring also symbolizes the defeat of winter and darkness.

Summer

The season of summer indicates the Romance because summer is the culmination of life in the seasonal calendar, and the romance genre culminates with some sort of triumph,usually marriage.

 Autumn

The Autumn season signify the genre of Tragedy. As the Autumn is the dying stage of the seasonal calendar. That's why the Autumn is parallels to the genre of tragedy, because the genre of tragedy is known for the fall or demise of the protagonist.

 Winter

 The season of winter denotes the satire genre because of its darkness. It is a disillusioned and mocking form of the three other genres.It is noted for its darkness,dissolution,the return of chaos and the defeat of heroic figure.

3.Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

Literature is the central division of the Humanities, flanked on one side by history and on the other side by philosophy.Here we can say that history and philosophy are twin pillars of literature.History represents the what was happen in past. Basically history is about past events and actions. While Philosophy is about morality and ethics of life.literature . Frye has used the word centrifugal which means to go away from literature and find background to understand literature.So for the batter understanding of the literature reader have to refer framework of history and philosophy for the understanding of ethics.

4. Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's Scene.

Inductive method is journey which leads from specific to general. As we read some specific literary work & comes to a general conclusion, in this way we extend from specific outcome to general outcome.

    The best example of this method is grave digging scene from Hamlet. It is a specific scene & from that scene we come to some general conclusion.

    In that scene there were two grave diggers & they seemed in quite in harmony with their work. They were talking with one another & singing a song during the time of grave digging. They were also mocking on dead Ophelia & commented that whether she allowed to buried or not. Here we can see that they have no grief for deadly one.

5. Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, Rhythm & Pattern. Give example of the outcome of deductive method.

Deductive method is a journey from general to specific.Music & Rhythm both are the form of an art. Music is a form of art which moves in time and Painting also is a form of art which moves in space. Music is rhythm and painting is a pattern. In a music we can understand the rhythm of it while in painting we can understand the pattern of it. Rhythm is a narrative form, while pattern is simultaneous mental grasp of verbal structure and it has meaning and significance. It provides a mental visuals. By listening some of the music we can't get everything, but when we see the visual images (paintings) ...we can get the actual idea of the patterns.

6. Refer to the Indian seasonal grid. If you can, please read small Gujarati, Hindi or English poem from the Archetypal approach & apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.

According to Hindu scriptures, the 6 seasons are:-

1.Spring

2.Summer

3.Monsoon

4.Autumn

5.Pre-Winter

6.Winter

    Here poet talks about the 5 different seasons in this above poem through the student.

Five different seasons are:-

●Spring

●Summer

●Autumn

●Monsoon &

●Winter

In this above poem we find that poet talk about monsoon.poet try to gave beautiful view of monsoon. When monsoon come what happened it's is tell in this poem by poet.

When rain is come birds and trees are dancing and singing. Specially peacock is specking. We find rainbow in sky in monsoon time. So poet how beautifully represent all that things which is happening after the raining.

Thank you....

Thinking activity: Waiting for Godot

Hello readers...

Welcome to my blog..

This blog is the part of my academic work. After viewing the movie adaptation (Waiting for Godot) of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot (Beckett, Waiting for Godot), in our classroom. We should to ponder are given to give direction to our thoughts.

The movie is directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg. In this 2001 movie, Barry McGovern and Johnny Murphy played Vladimir and Estragon, where as Lucky and Pozzo were performed by Alan Sandford and Stephen Brennan, respectively.

Click here to get more information about task which assigned by prof.Dilip Barad.

Waiting for Godot:-

Waiting for Godot, tragicomedy in two acts by Irish writer Samuel Beckett, published in 1952 in French as En attendant Godot and first produced in 1953. Waiting for Godot was a true innovation in drama and the Theatre of the Absurd’s first theatrical success.

The play consists of conversations between Vladimir and Estragon, who are waiting for the arrival of the mysterious Godot, who continually sends word that he will appear but who never does. They encounter Lucky and Pozzo, they discuss their miseries and their lots in life, they consider hanging themselves, and yet they wait. Often perceived as being tramps, Vladimir and Estragon are a pair of human beings who do not know why they were put on earth; they make the tenuous assumption that there must be some point to their existence, and they look to Godot for enlightenment. Because they hold out hope for meaning and direction, they acquire a kind of nobility that enables them to rise above their futile existence.

Here is my response to the points:-

Q 1) What connection do you see in the setting (“A country road. A tree.Evening.”) of the play and these paintings.

The connection between the painting by Caspar David Friedrich and the play is Longigness. A country road suggest a Hope of someone coming. A Tree suggest liveliness or Birth. Evening suggest Death and despair of desire. Loss of something. So thus the painting and play swinging in between hope and despair. Road also connecting with waiting for someone. In between waiting for someone person do meaningless things for passing time. So this all things are connecting with human life.

2)The tree is the only important ‘thing’ in the setting. What is the importance of tree in both acts? Why does Beckett grow a few leaves in Act II on the barren tree - The tree has four or five leaves - ?

In 1st act it is used without leaves it's showing despair and in 2nd act, the tree is presented to show hope. It's grown up with a few leaves, it's showing that if you are waiting than something you will get. Beckett grows calculated leaves, maybe he wants to give easily this idea and we can note the deep meaning.

(3) In both Acts, evening falls into night and moon rises. How would you like to interpret this ‘coming of night and moon’ when actually they are waiting for Godot?

While Vladimir & Estragon wait for Godot, they also wait for nightfall. Because of the nightfall they don't have to wait for Godot.

Secondly, the night is connected with dark and death. The falling of night is as much a reprieve from daily suffering as death is from the suffering of a lifetime.

 But in the other hand, the rising of moon again give some hope for tomorrow. Through this moon and night we comprehend the endless repetition of Human's life.

(4)The director feels the setting with some debris. Can you read any meaning in the contours of debris in the setting of the play?

The director used debris in the setting. So, it can be the influence of the World war-2 in the material world. Therefore, we can say that the meaninglessness of material world that keep on destroying, nothing is permanent in the life.

(5) How are the props like hat and boots used in the play? What is the symbolical significance of these props?

Estragon and Vladimir both suffer from same fate. Both have boots and hat but both focus on different thing Estragon focus on boots rather than hat. Vladimir focus on hat rather than boots. So people have both in their life boots ( materialistic things ) and hat ( intellectual sense ) but person focus on only one things. Estragon wears boots it represents materialistic things. It represents artificiality of life , human body. Estragon not satisfied with his boots it hurts him. It shows unsatisfied nature of human.

Vladimir wears hat it shows intellectual power of thinking man. He constantly thinking about Godot. He can remember everything because of that he suffers a lot. His thoughts hurts him a lot. Hat represent mind and rational life. He becomes helpless because he remember everything so he can't escape from the things. Because he constantly think he can't sleep. So it shows that person should be balance both mind and heart.

(6) So far as Pozzo and Lucky [master and slave] are concerned, we have to remember that Beckett was a disciple of Joyce and that Joyce hated England. Beckett meant Pozzo to be England, and Lucky to be Ireland." (Bert Lahr who played Estragon in Broadway production). Does this reading make any sense? Why? How? What?

Pozzo represent England and lucky represents lreland. England and lreland also some problems with each other on the land. They struggle a lot for separation from England.

(7)The play begins with the dialogue “Nothing to be done”. How does the theme of ‘nothingness’ recurs in the play?

" Nothing to be done" reflects the Existential Depair. This theory shows that life is meaningless, whatever you do it has no ultimate meaning. This play starts with this idea of nothingness. Vladimir and Estragon waiting for Godot without knowing that he will come or not, is he exist or not, who is he?. Their incoherent babblings, changing of hats, unclear theme these all show the Nothingness of the play.

(8)Do you think that the obedience of Lucky is extremely irritating and nauseatic? Even when the master Pozzo is blind, he obediently hands the whip in his hand. Do you think that such a capacity of slavishness is unbelievable?

As per class discussion, some people like to be servant whole life, we have taken one example of god's servant. Yes, the obedience of Lucky is extremely irritating and nauseatic. We are tie by rigid and with a religious hidden rope that is not actually physically but mentally and we don't want to do free ourselves from them like Lucky.

(9)Who according to you is Godot? God? An object of desire? Death? Goal? Success? Or . . 

It depends on the people that he wants. Every human has desire and they do anything to achieve, we are waiting for better and better.

According to me desire and success is Godot. Human has uncountable desires in the life. If one will fulfill so people never get satisfaction the crave of getting better things keeps growing. Also successful life will never come because the successful life means person is happy and satisfy with the things. But in reality true success never come because person never get satisfaction and happiness after getting thing.

 (10) Do you think that plays like this can better be ‘read’ than ‘viewed’ as it requires a lot of thinking on the part of readers, while viewing, the torrent of dialogues does not give ample time and space to ‘think’? Or is it that the audio-visuals help in better understanding of the play?

Yes I think the play like this can be better understandable if it wil be read first than viewed. Reading of the play helps to understand the things in the better way. If you first viewed play without reading you can't understand it properly. The core meaning of the play not be understandable only by viewing it. It also requires reading and thinking. After that viewing that play helps to understand it. The play has small dialogue but each and every word has its own importance. In movie you can't find time to think.

 (11)Did you feel the effect of existential crisis or meaninglessness of human existence in the irrational and indifference Universe during screening of the movie? Where and when exactly that feeling was felt, if ever it was?

Yes , I feel the effect of existential crisis or meaninglessness of human existence in the irrational and indifference Universe. The boy comes to tell Vladimir that Godot will come tomorrow at that time Vladimir told him to tell Godot that he saw us. So he constantly waiting for Godot in the next act the same thing happens that boy told that Godot will not able to come today he will be come tomorrow. Though this thing happens again Vladimir told him to tell Godot that he saw him. So it's shows effect of existential crisis and meaninglessness of human existence.

(12)The subject of the play is not Godot but ‘Waiting’” (Esslin, A Search for the Self). Do you agree? How can you justify your answer?

  

Yes , I am agree that the subject of play is not Godot but waiting. Waiting is the important thing in the play. Estragon and Vladimir do many things during waiting. In our life we all are waiting for death. In between we do many things to kill the time. The play focus on what we do in our lives. Person abusing each other, spending time unnecessary things like dancing and signing.

Thank you..

Paper_10_assignment_sneha_agravat

Name::- Sneha Agravat

Batch:- 2020-22 (MA sem 2)

Paper 10:- History of English Literature from 1900 to 2000

Topic name:- Harold Pinter’s The Birthday Party: a Comedy of Menace

Roll no.:-16

Enrollment no.:-3069206420200001

 

E-mail Id :- snehaagravat2000@gmail.com

Submitted to:- S.B.Gardi Department Of English Maharaja krishnkumarsinhji Bhavngar University

Introduction:-

In this assignment I going to explain the term “ Comedy of menace ” in another words it calls “Dark comedy” In reference of Harold Pinter’s play. “ Birthday Party ”. Harold Pinter has also used “Comedy of menace” in his other plays such as “ The Room ” and “ A Slight Ache “.Harold was used by term “Comedy of menace” and comedy is most important part of the play. The birthday party has been described as Irving Warble as a critic. This play different theme, symbol, character, Absurd all discuss of the Harold view. 

What is comedy of meance:-

“Comedy of Menace” means another called in the Play. Comedy of menace is a term used to David Compton, Nigel Dennis or Harold Pinter. It may develop from a feeling of uncertainty and insecurity. This feeling of menace establishes a strong connection between character’s predicament and audience’s personal anxieties. ”The Birthday party” as the comedy of menace and it is a tragedy or comic element.

About play:-

The Birthday Party is an Existentialist play by one of the radical writers Harold Pinter. The play is also categorized under the genre of 'Comedy of Menace.' The play also consists of elements of pinteresque such as Ambiguous Identity, confusions of time and place and also use of deep political symbolism.

Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party is a comedy of menace. The play is actually the mingling of comedy with a perception of danger that pervade the whole play. Stanley, the central protagonist always finds his life beset with danger. Meg is the owner of the boarding house away from the society where Stanley stays temporarily as a tenant. Meg arranges a birthday party in Stanley's honour though Stanley denies it being his birthday. Two gentlemen called Mr. Goldberg and Mr. Mc Cann come to stay in the same boarding house for a couple of nights. Their appearance fills Stanley's mind with unexplained fear and tension. Stanley attempts to disturb the strangers so that they will be forced to go away. The feeling of menace is reinforced when Stanley scares Meg by saying that some people would be coming that very day in a van. They would bring a wheelbarrow with them to take someone away. Eventually no one comes but Mr. Goldberg and Mr. Mc Cann take stanley with them. In fact Goldberg and Mc Cann represents parts of Stanley's own subconscious mind. Nothing is stated or hinted about Goldberg and Mc Cann and about their attitude towards Stanley. At best they seem to be agents of some organisation which has sent them to track down Stanley.

The Birthday Party and Look Back in Anger perfectly reveal the individual and social problems and doubts that great Britain was moving through during the post-war era. Both this two famous plays indicate the spirit of times and become vehicle or instrument for dramatic action.

Influence of comedy of menace in the play:-

Pinter himself explained the situation thus: "more often than not the speech only seems to be funny - the man in question is actually fighting a battle for his life". He also said: Everything is funny until the horror of the human situation rises to the surface! Life is funny because it is based on illusions and self-deceptions, like Stanley’s dream of a world tour as a pianist, because it is built out of pretence.” In fact the play Birthday Party is built around the exchanges of words, which, though funny enough, contain hints that suggest the impending doom lurking around to them. Meg’s situation as a childless old woman who talks through repetitions may seem funny and odd, but those cover up her unconscious desire to have son, a desire she tries to fulfil through the mothering of Stanley and Petey. But Above all, Stanley’s staying in a sea-side lodge, his shabby appearance combined with inconsistent words and memorising may seem strange and invoke mild laughter but in reality he is facing a crisis which he is himself not completely aware of.

Pinter creates an atmosphere of menace through a variety of dramatic elements and techniques. First of all, he lets situations fall from a light-hearted situation unexpectedly down to one which is highly serious. For instance, while talking to Meg among other things, he tells her about a wheel-barrow which will come to the house for some body. Here we get a suggestion of impending death through the sudden reference to coffin. Again, we see Meg offering Staley the gift of a drum as a compliment to his supposed musical talent. But Stanley begins to beat it with such savagery that the audience is left dumb-struck as to the real intention behind this. This kind of abrupt explosion of violence is once again seen when Stanley kicks at McCann. But more importantly, menace is presented through the fears the characters feel but cannot spot. First of all, fear of weather is introduced: the characters repeatedly enquire about weather, and this becomes tangible once the audience understand that the lodge is situated on the coast of a sea. Then Stanley tries to frighten Meg by prophesying the arrival of wheel-barrow which, of course, does not come for her. On the other hand, on hearing the visit of two strangers, Stanley feels a complex fear—first of all, the fear of being driven away from the lodge which has become for him as comfortable as his mother’s womb. A house represents security and comforts from the hazards of the outside world but sadly it is impossible to sustain. Goldberg and McCann is the embodiment of menace from a hostile outside world. We also note that he stays in a lodge, which cannot be a substitute for home. Secondly, Stanley faces the fear of being persecuted by the intruders. That is why he expresses his desire to run away with Lulu, but is afraid of doing so in reality.  

With the hosting of the birthday party, the play reaches its climax of menace. A birthday party is expected to be a ritualistic celebration of one’s life, but in the case of Stanley it turns out to be the greatest ordeal of life leading to his complete mental derangement. The audience now understand the menace turning real though in transformed forms. Stanley faces not only physical assault but also a torrent of words, with the serious accusations like "He’s killed his wife" mingled with trivial and ludicrous like "Why do you pick your nose?". The persons who could have saved him are either absent or drunk.

The play ends with Stanley’s forced removal from the house by Goldberg and McCann who leave a further note of unknown menace awaiting Stanley in near future. This uncertain menace is further strengthened by Petey’s inability to communicate to Meg what has exactly happened with Stanley. To conclude, it can be said that the final impression of the play on the audience echoes Pinter’s own words: " In our present-day world, everything is uncertain, there is no fixed point, we are surrounded by the unknown ... There is a kind of horror about and I think that this horror and absurdity (comedy) go together."

The comedy of menace is present in the Birthday paty in the first scene it is a way of gently introducing the audience to thee world which Pinter is try to creat. This homour is quite subtle at first. Peter and Meg about whether Stanley is up or not play on the word up and down:

Meg : ‘Is Stanley up yet ?

Petey : I don’t know, is he ?

Meg : I don’t know. I haven’t seen him down

Petey : Well then, he can’t be up.

Meg : Haven’t you seen him down.

In this above conversation Pinter make a joke with the worry really who is they, although the repitation in this short joke is very minor which made them smile and the humour also lulls them into a sense of confort. A joke with a similar effect is made through another short dialogue between Meg and peter which Meg is asking who is having a infont with peter insisting that she does not know her until finally saying it’s Lady Mary Splatt’, to which Meg replies “I don’t know her.’ During the conversation of Meg and Stanley’s conversation has some comedic value it could also make the audience feel slightly enesays, perhaps will ask thirselves why this women of sixty treats a man thirty like a boy and why he plays along with her at time. 

Thus humor while seeming quite light can have a deeper meaning and cover up something a lot more serious about a character and problems there Stanleys attempts at humour when talking to Lulu are a kind are a kind of his social inadequacy. When she said that it’s stuffy he replies ‘stuffy/ I disinfected the place this morning. And when she talks about his gerring under Meg’s feets he said he always on the table she talk about his she seeps the floor. These two lines are both untrue and when Stanley’s aim seems to be make a joke. Secong observation is that, Goldberg does achieve what he wants to with his use of comedy and threats. This is because he want to create a more menacing scene in order to complexly destroy Stanley. His humour comes from the common expressions that he sometimes modifies. 

The different registers of these expressions. Pinter used comedy at that moments in the play in order to reassure the audience and to keep some suspence: if the whole length of the play was filled with a menacing atmosphere we would know that Stanley will lose the power struggle from the houmour also brings a certain level of normality bake to the proceeding of the play so that the menacing atmosphere can increase slowly afgain creating more suspense. Stanley Webber is the protagonist of this play he is the only boarder at the Bole’s boaring house and is initially defined by lazyness unkeptness and smuggle cruely toward Meg. The might be a musician might want became a famous. Although there are a sense that he has sins unatoned for it. His aggressive depression transitions into a nervous breakdown when Goldberg and McCann arrive until he is nothing but bumbling like idiot. Goldberg and McCann are new visitors related to Stanley’s past. MartinEsslin gives various possibilities about Stanley’s past. According to Esslin, like Heidegger,Pinter takes as his starting point that fundamental anxiety, which is nothing less than a living being’s basic awareness of non-being, of annihilation. Pinter’s people are in a room, and theyare frightened of what is outside the room. Outside the room is a world peeping upon themwhich is frightening. Esslin also suggests that the root of the menace may be political –Stanley in his past may be belonged to some radical organization or Government or someEstablishment and now he has escaped from that for which the party or Government itself ishaunting for him. Stanley may be an absconder from some fanatic religious organization orhe may have escaped from a mental asylum. Stanley goes on using ‘they’ which can meanthat the concerned persons are unidentified or that Stanley is well-aware of their identity;again it can mean that he must have been associated with them where ‘they’ can stand for anygroup, organization or institution.

Conclusion:-

The Birthday Party is fantastic play by Harold Pinter. It is the best example of ‘Comedy of Menace’. As the definition Pinter has not only conclude here the comedy and make the laughing of audience but he gives the tragedy on his play, the Birthday Party. Stanley’s condition, unexpected guest, Lulu’s rape, The birthday party, birthday Gift etc events make smile and entertainment of the audience but behind the reason of character is different. Like Stanley is real in problem, the owner of house but somehow he was fail to remove these expectedable guest. Lulu’s rape is the secret but Lulu can not told her problem to his families and also her loveable person.Thus some events of the Birthday party are seen as very critical. 

paper_9_assignment_sneha_agravat

Name::- Sneha Agravat

Batch:- 2020-22 (MA sem 2)

Paper 9:- Literary Theory& criticism and Indian Aesthetics

Topic name:-INDIAN POETICS: RASA THEORY

Roll no.:-16

Enrollment no.:-3069206420200001

 

E-mail Id :- snehaagravat2000@gmail.com

Submitted to:- S.B.Gardi Department Of English Maharaja krishnkumarsinhji Bhavngar University

Introduction:-

What the ancients thought about the name and nature of poetry may be had from the Risks of the Vedas and the texts of the Upnishads.

 The Vedic texts declared that the poets were ‘Gods’- Kavi’ was the term they employed while invoking the foremost of the Gods- Ganapati- they addressed him as the poet’s poet. The poet was the seer of truth having a subtle, profound and penetrating consciousness.

                                                                                     

Thus, the Vedic conception of a poet took into account all aspects of poetry:-

1)Its creation,

2)its manifestation and

3) its impact upon the reader.

     Apart from the normal consciousness which we call jagrat, the Upnishads spoke of subtler states such as swapta, susupti and turiya not to mention in free conscious levels. The Upnishadic Seer – poet could withdraw, ingather or collect contain and concentrate his consciousness and come out to express his vision and experience. He had the world. He could thus give us the vision and he knew the way to get back to the source and testify to the authenticity of the transcript.

Categorize Indian poetic theory very important and useful to us understanding of Indianpoetic. Every form and construct of very inserting finding of literary poet of poetry and play or drama. Indian aesthetics is a vast field. Any attempt to discuss it in such a brief space as this can only be sketchy and deal with the broad tendencies. Hence, here I have only attempted to give its brief overview with reference to major trends. Many Theory Growth in medieval day. They classified regards …  

Let's see the Rasa Theory:-

                             Rasa

Bharatiya Natyashastra and encyclopedia, is the earliest work on dramaturgy available at present.Bharatmuni and Ancient Indian musicologist has authored the theoretical treatise, the Natyashastra during two hundred B.C. to two hundred A.D.It is even known as 5th ‘Veda’ because of it’s immense varieties. There are 36 thousands ‘sutras’ (couplet) and 6 thousands ‘shlokas’ through which Bharatmuni talks about performing arts, theatre, dance and music. That is why modern Indian critic often use to say that

                      ‘’Natyashastra is the foundation of fine arts in India’’.

                    The major questions being discussed by Bharatmuni in his treatise ‘The – Natyashastra’ is that how was drama born? How should one built a theatre dances like Tandava, the difference varieties of acting, the customs of character, language, prosody and music employed in drama, the nature of rasa and bhava etc. He has given an analytical theory as far as rasa is concerned.

What is Rasa?

               From the critical thinking point of view one cannot you aside the immense value of Sanskrit literature Which has provided the most dominant views on literary Criticism. From the anciant time of Bharata to the present time. A lot many books written in Sanskrit explaining the nature of literature focusing on the essanse of literature. For example:- aesthetic delight.

                While aesthetic delight is concerned, it was Bharatmumi,who in his most wonderful treaties Natyasastra, has established the theory of the Rasa, which has been acclaimed the most valuable concept of Sanskrit poetry. Thus, Bharata has been called a founder of the Rasa School.

                    Basically specking, the Rasa theory was an attempt to learnt the emotional effect of drama.i.e. the nature of enjoyment experienced by the spectators. The basic purpose of the Rasa theory was find out the aesthetic thought of any literary work. To explaine this very concept Bharata has given the maxim:-

विभानुभव व्याभिचारी संयोगात रसनिष्पति:।

It means the Rasa is born out of the combination of vibhava,Anubhaya and Vyabhicharibhava.

         In order to learn the mentioned statement, it would be better than to learn the exact meaning of certain terminology. They are the different bhavas.

The Bhavas:-

They are the elements very much needed for the Rasa of poetry. They directly appeal to the heart of the readers. They can produce Rasa and they stand for emotions and hoods. They can be sthayi, vibhava, Anubhava, Vyabhichari and satvik.

 Rasa is created only because of Vibhav , Anubhav and Vyabhicharibhava. VIBHAV is just like pilar of it and because of it Bhvak feels Rasa.Bharatmuni describes 33 Sancharibhava in Natyasastra.

Vibhav : Emotion arise because of Vibhav

Anubhav : Reaction of Bhavak

Sancharibhav : Come and go

Sthayibhav : like…. Love, Mirth, Sorrow ,etc….

Vibhava(determinants or catalysts):-

Vibhava means by which an emotion is activated are termed Vibhava. There are two types of Vibhava. 1) The AlambhanaVibhava –the person or the object in respect of whom the emotion is experienced and who’s appearance is directly responsible for the bringing forth of the emotion. 2) UddipanaVibhava, it means the situation in the environment in which that person or object is placed and which is helpful in intensifying the emotional experience.

Anubhava(consequences):-

The outward manifestations brought forth as a result of the Vibhavas are known as the Anubhavas. These are divisible in to Vacika- those which can be expressed by words (vac-“speech”) and the Angika which are expressed by bodily, expression, In Indian drama. For example, the Anubhava communicate to the audience, the emotions being felt by the characters on stage.

       There also “involuntary emotions” known as Sattvikabhava; Stambha (paralysis), sveta (sweating), Romanca(hair standing on end),Svarabheta, it means changes in one’s tone of voice. Vepathu (terembling.Vaivarnya it means change in the color of one’s face. Asru (becoming tearful) and pralaya, it means fainting.

Vyabhicharibhava(complementarystates):-

This Sthayibhava (permanent Mood) is a major emotion which is developed by a number of minor feelings referred to as Vyabhicharibhava.we found there are thirty-three Vyabhicharibhavas: Nirveda (disintrest), Glani (tiredness), Sanaka (apprehension), Asuya (insecurity), Mada (intoxication),Srama (exhaustion ), Alasya (lethargy) , Dainya (pity), Cinta (anxiety), Moho (delusion), Smrti (recollection), Dhriti (steadfastness), Vrida (shame), Capalata (impulsiveness), Harasa (suddendelight), Avega (excitement), Jadata (stupor), Grava (arrogance), Visada (depression), Autsuka (longing) Nindra (sleep), Apusmara (epilepsy), Supta (dreaming), Vibodha (awakening), Amarsa (restrained anger), Avahittha (deception), Ugrata (ferociousness), Mati (analysis), Vyadhi (sickness), Unmada (temporary insanity), Marana (death), Trasa (panic) and Vitarka (argumentiveness).

          For example, the erotic Rasa arises from the AlambhanaVibhava-presence of the lover and beloved, the UddipanaVibhava’s – the atmosphere of place where the two meet, the call of night birds; a gentle breeze, the moon, etc.: it gives rise to the Anubhavas-how the lovers express themselves to each other to holding hands and etc.it produces involuntary bodily responses (the Sattvikabhavas) and may give rise to complementary or transitory emotional states- the Vyabicharibhavas.

          It means for Bharata Rasa-the flavor or taste, emerges from the combination of the various emotional factors in the same way that distinctive taste of a cooked dish it is made from the different ingredients and the manner in which it is prepared. But when we eat the food, we enjoyed it with all ingredients. We cannot say that I eat only flour or only salt, but we enjoy combination of all ingredients not a particular ingredient. Same in Rasa theory a particular Bhava can’t provoke Rasa. But the mixture of all kind of Bhava provokes Rasa in our mind. Through the Bhava we come to know and understand about Rasa. ‘Beauty is always in completeness.’Bhava has no language, it comes from our mind.

“Our emotion is the gastric juice which transform world of appearance into the more intimate of sentiments. On the other hand this world has its own juices, and quality which excite our emotional activities. This is called in our Sanskrit Rhetoric, Rasa, which signifies outer juices having their response in inner juices of our emotions. 

        Bharatmuni explained nine Rasa in Natyasastra.

 According to critic Mohan Thamps ………..

“ Majority of the traditionalist; considers that nine rasas are enough to cope with infinite varity of literary production.”

 Vibhava means determines, anubhava means consequences and vyabhacari means transitory state or feeling.

               The Sanskrit meaning of rasa is that juice or essence. However Bharatmuni has used the word in different context. The word rasa here dose not like any type of liquid or syrup.

According to Makarand Patanjali:-

    ‘’ Rasa in Bharatmuni, is nothing But the exposition of the structure Of human experience’’.

                 The Vedic meaning of rasa is essence and it refers to the experience of the supreme reality, which is one of the self existence delights. Rasa is the emotion resulting from a contemplation of a various feelings.

Types of Rasa:

1. Fear – Bahyanak

2. Joy/happiness – Hasya

3. Anger – Raudra

4. Sadness – Karuna

5. Disgust – Bibhitsa

6. Surprise – shringar

7. Contempt – Veera

8. Interest (anticipation) – Adbhuta

श्रृंगारकरूणवीररौद्रहास्यभयानका।

बीभत्साद्भूतशांतश्च नवनाट्येरसास्मृता।।

                   - भरतः नाट्यशास्त्र

                    - छंद अनुष्टुप

other Four Critics of RASA theory:-

Bhatta Lollata Creationism

Shree Shankuka Permissiveism

Bhatta Nayaka Nepotism

Abhinavagupta Expressionism

Contribution of Bhatt Lollat in Rasa theory:-

             In Rasa theory we found four schools (vada) of different critique. First one is Bhatt Lollat.His school known as ‘utpattivad’. He says that there is no Rasa in us, but Rasa should be created in our mind. He says thatwhat Nayak (hero) they create Rasa in our mind. According to him the rasa essentially embodies the emotional state that the work of art seeks to portray. It hopes to evoke a resonant emotion in the audience. 

Contribution of Shree Shankuk in Rasa Theory:-

             His vada (school) is known as ‘Anumativada’. His school introduce us some failure of BhattaLollat and try to clarify it, though we cannot found proper rasaprakreeya (proses of Rasa). According to him Rasa comes from the imagination (anuman) of the audience. We found four types of imagination 1. ‘yathartha’(as it is) for example he is Rama.2. ‘Sadrushya’ (like) he is similar to Rama.3. ‘Sanshya’ (doubt) he is like Rama. (4) Mithya (false) he is not Rama, first we believe that he is Rama but actually he is not Rama but a person played role of Rama.Same in the picture of Horse, and we cannot says that it is a Horse. We can also say that it is not Horse because it is a picture of horse not a real one. We can say that willing suspension of disbelief.

 Contribution of BhattaNayaka in Rasa Theory:-

             His school known as ‘Bhukteevada’. He gives a principal of ‘Sadharanikaran’. He was apposing to above both critique. According to him Rasa is not in Hero but audience has to create it. He says that ‘sadharnikaran’ (commonness) is necessary between audience and Nata(Hero) for creating Rasa or enjoying the play. Audience and Hero have power of grasping (Bhavn). He put more weigh on sthaibhava and sadharnikaran, and says rasa is not come from Hero,and not from original character. 

Contribution of Abhinav Gupta in Rasa Theory:-

Abhinav Gupta was one of the Indian greatest philosophers, mystics and aestheticians. Forthcritique who talks about the Rasa theory, his school known as ‘Abhivyanjnavada’. In his work ‘Abhinavbharti’ he talks about Rasa theory. Inthis work, he writes about the rasasutra of Bharata in consonance with the theory of abhivyakti (expression).He says that when the hero (Nata) and the audience, both forget about their personality, who is he or her at that level they feel 

Rasa and enjoy the play. For example, Mr. A played a role of hero or Rama. When Mr. A forgets that he is Mr. A and enters in to the character of Rama. He thinks that now he is original Rama. Form audience one person knows Mr. A at that time he can’t enjoy the play. But when he accepts Mr. A as a Rama and forgets that he is Mr. A. At this level both Hero and audience really get pleasure form the play.

              We get true meaning of ‘Rasaprakriya’ from Abhinavgupta’s view on Rasa theory.

Conclusion:-

So, this is all about Bharatmuni, his Natyashastra and Rasa theory. In Rasa theory now there is nine rhetorical sentiments. May be this one added later as Bharatmuni only talk about the described eight Rasa and the ninth one is Shanta Rasa or Relaxation which represents the peace and state of mind. Normally this last Rasa can not be experienced because may be everyone’s mind is super busy in many things, in peaceful nature also the mind never stops working so this may be not experienced often as other sentiments are experienced.