This blog is the part of my thinking activity in classroom. In this blog I would like to talk about two articles on future of postcolonial studies : Globalization and Environmentalism.
Let's throw some light on author and her book in which we find this articles.
Ania Loomba:-
Ania Loomba is an Indian literary scholar. She is the author of Colonialism/Postcolonialism and works as a literature professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
About book:-
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is a comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical, theoretical and political dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies.
This new edition includes a new introduction and conclusion as well as extensive updates throughout. Topics covered include globalization, new grassroots movements (including Occupy Wall Street), the environmental crisis, and the relationship between Marxism and postcolonial studies. Loomba also discusses how ongoing struggles such as those of indigenous peoples, and the enclosure of the commons in different parts of the world shed light on the long histories of colonialism. This edition also has extensive discussions of temporality, and the relationship between premodern, colonial and contemporary forms of racism.
This books includes:
key features of the ideologies and history of colonialism
the relationship of colonial discourse to literature
anticolonial thought and movements
challenges to colonialism, including anticolonial discourses
recent developments in postcolonial theories and histories
issues of sexuality and colonialism, and the intersection of feminist and postcolonial thought
the relationship of activist struggles and scholarship.
Colonialism/Postcolonialism is the essential introduction to a vibrant and politically charged area of literary and cultural study. It is the ideal guide for students new to colonial discourse theory, postcolonial studies or postcolonial theory as well as a reference for advanced students and teachers.
So first of all let's talk about the summary of that two articles:-
🌸Articles🌸
1.conclusion: Globalisation and the future of postcolonial studies
Summary:-
we find that article's beginning from the talking about the most terrible events of 11 September 2001, the so called global war on terror, and the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, it is harder than ever to see our woanrld as simply postcolonial.
In contrast to imperialism, Empire establishes no territorial.center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decen. tered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incor- porates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers. Empire manages hybrid identities, flexible hierarchies, and plural exchanges through modulating networks of command. The distinct national colors of the imperial map of the world have merged and blended in the imperial global rainbow.
(Hardt and Negri 2000: xiii-xii)
'This article is also talk about
today's economies, politics, cultures and identities are all better described in terms of transalation networks, regional and international flows and the dissolution of geographic and cultural borders, paradigms which are familiar to postcolonial critics but which are now invoked to suggest a radical break with the narratives of colonisation and anticolonilism.
So long as the American Empire dare not speak its name ... ambitious young men and women will take one look at the prospects for postwar Iraq and say with one voice, 'Don't even go there'. Americans need to go there. If the best and brightest insist on staying home, today's unspoken imperial project may end-unspeak- ably tomorrow.
- (Ferguson, 2003: 52).
They believed that the new empire is better compared to the Roman Empire rather than the European colonialism.
In this article we find that author mentioned that many critics and their views on postcolonial studies.We find its surprising that postcolonial studies should be attacked in such a situation. The core premise of post colonial theory is that it is immoral for a scholar to out his knowledge of foreign language and cultures at the service of American Power'.
Market fundamentalism destroys more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, reli- gious and other boundaries.It's as much at home in Moscow as in Mumbai or Minnesota.A South Africa - whose advances in the early 1990s thrilled the world- moved swiftly from apartheid to neo-liberal- ism.It sits as easily in Hindu, Islamic or Christian societies.And it contributes angry, despairing recruits to the armies of all religious fundamentalisms.Based on the premise that the market is the solu- tion to all the problems of the human race, it is, too, a very religious fundamentalism.It has its own Gospel: The Gospel of St. Growth, of St. Choice…
This is the interesting quote by P.Sainath.
Yes we all know that market fundamentalism destroy more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, religious and other boundaries. It's as much at home in Moscow as in mumbai.
The great range of actual measures carried on under the label of glob- alization .. were not those of integration and development. Rather they were the processes of imposition, disintegration, underdevelop- ement and appropriation. They were of continued extraction of debt servicing payments of the third world; depression of the prices of raw materials exported by the same countries; removal of tariff protection for their vulnerable productive sectors; removal of restraints on for- eign direct investment, allowing giant foreign corporations to grab larger sectors of the third world's economies; removal of restraints on the entry and exit of massive flows of speculative international capital, allowing their movements to dictate economic life; reduction of State spending on productive activity, development and welfare; privatiza- tion of activities, assets and natural resources, sharp increases in the cost of essential services and goods such as electricity, fuel, health care, education, transport, and food (accompanied by the harsher depression of women's consumption within each family's declining consumption); withdrawal of subsidized credit earlier directed to starved sectors; dismantling of workers' security of employment; reduction of the share of wages in the social product; suppression of domestic industry in the third world and closures of manufacturing firms on a massive scale; ruination of independent small industries; ruination of the handicrafts/handloom sector; replacement of subsis- tence crops with cash crops; destruction of food security.
(Research Unit for Political Economy, 2003: n.p.)
We find that such connection is precisely what many of the new writing on Globalisation proclaim.
"Globalization is just another name for submission and domination', Nicanor Apaza, 46, an unemployed miner, said at a demonstration this week in which Indian women ... carried banners denouncing the International Monetary Fund and demanding the president's resigna- tion.'We've had to live with that here for 500 years, and now we want to be our own masters.'
He had many others protesters see an unbroken line from this region's often rapacious colonial history to the failed economic experiments of the late 20th century, in which Bolivia was one of the first Latin American countries to open itself to the modern global economy.
Examples of Globalisation and future of Post colonial studies:-
(1)
Tigers' real story is a heartbreaking one. The Emraan Hashmi-starrer that premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in 2014, is set to drop on ZEE5 on November 21. Helmed by Oscar-winning Bosnian writer and director Danis Tanovi?, Tigers is based on a true story that hits quite close home -- just across the border in Pakistan. The movie looks into the life of Ayan, a pharmaceutical salesperson, who finds that the baby formula he's been excellent at pushing, is becoming the cause of malnourishment and even death in infants. The real-life Ayan from Tigers, Syed Amir Raza Hussain, was then expecting his second child -- moving him to act against the company that had employed him.
(2)
The Cola Wars refer to the long-time rivalry between soft drink producers The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, who have engaged in mutually-targeted marketing campaigns for the direct competition between each company's product lines, especially their flagship colas, Coca-Cola and Pepsi.
(3)
It was in 2014 when food safety regulators from the Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh reported that samples of Maggi Noodles had high levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG) apart from high lead content above the permissible level.
(4)
This is the film represent the Market fundalism in context of postcolonial studies.
(5)
This film is also example of it:-
Article 2:-
Conclusion: The future of postcolonial studies
Summary:-
This article begun with the one statement by Gaytri Chakravorty Spivak, that ' no longer have a postcolonial perspective. I think postcolonial is the day before yesterday'.
In this article Loomba said that through the Globalization we more damage to environment.
In this conclusion she want to briefly reflect on some of these challenges and what they might mean for a postcolonial critique.
She start her article with the topic of ecology, Which is not a new concern for many intellectual and activists concerned with the contemporary lagacies of colonialism.
According to Harvey,
All the features of primitive accumulation that Marx mentions have remained powerfully present with capitalism’s historical geography until now. Displacement of peasant populations and the formation of a landless proletariat has accelerated in countries such as Mexico and India in the last three decades, many formerly common property resources, such as water, have been privatised (often at World Bank insistence) … alternative (indigenous and even, in the case of the United States, petty commodity) forms of production and consumption have been suppressed. Nationalised industries have been privatised. Family farming has been taken over by agribusiness. And slavery has not disappeared (particularly in the sex trade).
Here she raised question of 'indegenety' and ongoing colonial projects' are not limited to the particular settler colonial societies mentioned by Byrd and Rothberg. Finally the displacement of indigenous communities and the theft of their land are also defining features of many spaces that have been privileged in postcolonial studies such as South Asia and Africa, as is evident from environment for the survival of the ogoni people, an indigenous group in southeast Nigeria, whose oil-rich homelands were targeted for drilling by multinationals, leading to their large- scale displacement and to wide-scale eviryomental destruction.
She also mentioned Karl Marx and his idea of capitalism. He described the process of forcible usuperpation of communal property occurred first 'by means of individual acts of violence'.
Older histories Of race, empire and dispossession are re-inscribed in the pattern of dispossession within the heart of the new empire.
She talk about the recent time that connections across differentiated regions and peoples of the world have been advanced from a very different perspective,one that invokes the shared plight of humanity in the face of galloping environmental catastrophe.
In this conclusion, she have offered an invitably partial examination of such challenges, indicating some new directions post-colonial studies has either taken, or must take. She have highlighted peoples and societies; premodern histories and cultures. She have also indicated how some of the fundamental insights of postcolonial studies were developed outside the academy, within anti-colonial and other movements.
Climate change, refracted through global capital, will no doubt accentuate the logic of inequality that runs through the rule of capital; some people will no doubt gain temporarily at the expense of others. But the whole crisis cannot be reduced to a story of capitalism. Unlike in the crises of capitalism, there are no lifeboats here for the rich and the privileged (witness the drought in Australia or recent fires in the wealthy neighborhoods of California).
(Chakrabarty 2009: 221)
She have also discussed some recent scholarship and political movements that show why that the colonial past and the globalised present are deeply interconnected. Whethery or not we see World Literature or Globalization studies as having superseded Postcolonial Studies, all of them will have to engage with these connections if they are to be more than academic trends. Post colonial critique,however we interpret the term, can be meaningful only in conversation with scholarship and activism across the globe that strives to achieve a truly postcolonial World.
Examples of Conclusion: The future of postcolonial studies:-
(1)
We take this example as Environmentalism in context of postcolonial studies.
Since 1985, the adivasis of the Narmada valley have been struggling against displacement and destruction resulting from the Sardar Sarovar Project. Their united fight reveals that not only the political and economic aspects of globalisation, but also its intellectual repression must be resisted. The people's knowledge regarding their land must not be ignored, particularly when government information is fraught with inconsistencies. Click here to know more about it 👉Globalisation and Narmada People's Struggle
(2)
(3)
This is also a relevant example of context of postcolonial studies.
The Char-Dham Road Project is a prestigious two-lane expressway scheme being executed in the Himalayan state, Uttarakhand. The project proposes widening of roads up to 10 meters to improve the accessibility to Char-Dham (shrines); Yamunotri, Gangotri, Badrinath and Kedarnath.
(4)
We also take this fim as example:-
Sherni is loosely based on the story of the tigress 'Avni', and the tragic consequences of human-wildlife conflict that saw a toll of 13 humans and one tiger in Maharashtra between 2016 and 2018. As a conservation scientist, I heartily congratulate Masurkar and his team for really doing their homework.
(5)
This is the incident of Kerla when Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan welcomed the move of traders and said government would extend support to the initiative to check the threat to exploitation of water, pollution and lifestyle diseases.With Kerala in the grip of a severe drought, the government today said it will further restrict the use of groundwater by soft drink major Pepsico at Palakkad even as traders have planned to stop the sale of Pepsi and Coca Cola in the state.
(6)
We also take an example of Dhruv Bhatt' book
"તત્વમસિ". In this book he wrote about "નર્મદા"river. But in this book he talk only talk about beautifulness of river but there is big conflict raised at that time. But there is no reference of that conflict in his book.
Also not mentioned thet "નર્મદા આંદોલન".
Also if we talk about the film Reva(Film) there is no also reference of "નર્મદા આંદોલન". There is very conflict raised in that time because they take a land of poor people because government make a સરદાર સરોવર ડેમ. They paid a rupees for it but it's not satisfied by all people.
Also watch this video in context of it.
In this video you can see that how poor people suffering that time when mission of Sardar sarovar Dam. They lost their land and houses.
In this context I would like to put one video here please watch it... 👇
