W.H.Auden Poems

Hello readers…

Welcome to my blog.

After completing the unit on W.H.Auden's poem our prof.Dr Dilip Barad Sir gave us a task as our thinking activity in classroom. So in this Blog I would like to talk about W.H.Auden's poems. 

So firstly throw some light on W.H.Auden:-

WH Auden said “poetry must be entered into by a personal encounter, or it must be left alone”. His poems have been personal for me for 30 years; they’re a touchstone I use now and then to take the measure of my world. There’s just something about him: the stars he sees align with mine.

Wystan Hugh Auden, the British poet, moved to the United States in 1939. He taught at the University of Michigan and Swarthmore College during World War II. After the war he went to Germany with the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey to help assess the effect of the Allied bombing campaign. He returned to the United States, settled in Manhattan and became an American citizen.

Pulitzer Prize juries considered poetry collections by Auden in 1945 and 1948. In each case, his book had competition.

English poet, playwright, critic, and librettist Wystan Hugh Auden exerted a major influence on the poetry of the 20th century. Auden grew up in Birmingham, England and was known for his extraordinary intellect and wit. His first book, Poems, was published in 1930 with the help of T.S. Eliot. Just before World War II broke out, Auden emigrated to the United States where he met the poet Chester Kallman, who became his lifelong lover. Auden won the Pulitzer Prize in 1948 for The Age of Anxiety. Much of his poetry is concerned with moral issues and evidences a strong political, social, and psychological context. While the teachings of Marx and Freud weighed heavily in his early work, they later gave way to religious and spiritual influences.b

Here are my responses on the 3 questions:-

1)Which lines of poem 'September 1,1939'you liked the most? Why?

Original poem:-

I sit in one of the dives

On Fifty-second Street

Uncertain and afraid

As the clever hopes expire

Of a low dishonest decade:

Waves of anger and fear

Circulate over the bright

And darkened lands of the earth,

Obsessing our private lives;

The unmentionable odour of death

Offends the September night.

Accurate scholarship can

Unearth the whole offence

From Luther until now

That has driven a culture mad,

Find what occurred at Linz,

What huge imago made

A psychopathic god:

I and the public know

What all schoolchildren learn,

Those to whom evil is done

Do evil in return.

Exiled Thucydides knew

All that a speech can say

About Democracy,

And what dictators do,

The elderly rubbish they talk

To an apathetic grave;

Analysed all in his book,

The enlightenment driven away,

The habit-forming pain,

Mismanagement and grief:

We must suffer them all again.

Into this neutral air

Where blind skyscrapers use

Their full height to proclaim

The strength of Collective Man,

Each language pours its vain

Competitive excuse:

But who can live for long

In an euphoric dream;

Out of the mirror they stare,

Imperialism's face

And the international wrong.

Faces along the bar

Cling to their average day:

The lights must never go out,

The music must always play,

All the conventions conspire

To make this fort assume

The furniture of home;

Lest we should see where we are,

Lost in a haunted wood,

Children afraid of the night

Who have never been happy or good.

The windiest militant trash

Important Persons shout

Is not so crude as our wish:

What mad Nijinsky wrote

About Diaghilev

Is true of the normal heart;

For the error bred in the bone

Of each woman and each man

Craves what it cannot have,

Not universal love

But to be loved alone.

From the conservative dark

Into the ethical life

The dense commuters come,

Repeating their morning vow;

"I will be true to the wife,

I'll concentrate more on my work,"

And helpless governors wake

To resume their compulsory game:

Who can release them now,

Who can reach the deaf,

Who can speak for the dumb?

All I have is a voice

To undo the folded lie,

The romantic lie in the brain

Of the sensual man-in-the-street

And the lie of Authority

Whose buildings grope the sky:

There is no such thing as the State

And no one exists alone;

Hunger allows no choice

To the citizen or the police;

We must love one another or die.

Defenceless under the night

Our world in stupor lies;

Yet, dotted everywhere,

Ironic points of light

Flash out wherever the Just

Exchange their messages:

May I, composed like theme

Of Eros and of dust,

Beleaguered by the same

Negation and despair,

Show an affirming flame.

September 1, 1939" opens by establishing its setting. The poem's title alludes to a major event: the Nazi German invasion of Poland, which is now remembered as a tipping point in the outbreak of World War II. The first two lines, however, indicate that the poem's physical location is many miles away from the invasion.

 I liked this line:-

All the conventions conspire

To make this fort assume

The furniture of home;

 Why?:- I liked this line because In it poet describes things as living things.the poet describes the nature of the task his poetic voice has to perform in America. He says that he possesses only his poetic voice, and no other power, to undo the evil beliefs prevalent in America and elsewhere. The first evil is the conservative ignorance of the religious-minded. Then there is the fictitious lie of individualism. Its doctrine declares that nothing exists but the individual self. This doctrine rules over the mind of the materialistic man-in-the-street. The third evil theory is the lie of authoritarianis. Auden mentioned evils ruling over the minds of the people. And he has to contradict them by means of his poetic power.

2)What is so special about in 'Memory of W.B. Yeats?

In Memory of W. B. Yeats' by W. H. Auden (1907-73) was written in 1939, following the death of the Irish poet W. B. Yeats in January of that year. As well as being an elegy for the dead poet, 'In Memory of W. B. Yeats' is also a meditation on the role and place of poetry in the modern world.if we throw some light on poem that it Written in 1940, it commemorates the death of the poet in 1939, a critical year for Auden personally as well as for the world at large. This was the year he moved to New York and the year the world catapulted itself into the Second World War. Yeats was born in Ireland 1856 and embraced poetry very early in his life.

If we try to see that what is special in this that this Poems about death tend to be concerned not just with loss, but also with what remains after a man or a woman dies. rather than in relation to an actual death: the lover promises his beloved that even though she must die, she will live.

 One of the reasons the poem is not just a technically accomplished but also a semantically profound poem is the tension between these differing views of what poetry is and should be. It also marks Auden out as a modern poet, aware that a complex world – and a complex thing like artistic influence and poetic function – cannot be reduced to simple slogans or maxims.

a powerful poem not just about Yeats but about all poets whose work can teach us ‘how to praise’. These final words of Auden’s poem are, fittingly enough, inscribed on the poet’s own memorial stone in Poets’ Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Auden's poem draws on all these traditions as it focuses just on that moment when the words of a poet must begin to live on after his death. The poem which Auden writes is the first step in preserving Yeats the poet. But most important, Auden understands this process of poetic after-life as taking place entirely within history.

3) is there any contemporary relevance of 'Epitaph on Tyrant'?

In this poem poet deals with the thoughts and actions of a tyrant. Typically, a tyrant abuses his power and position of authority. Tyrants like to be in complete control and tend to quash, in a harsh way, any opposition to their policies and programs. In essence, W. H. Auden, in a subtle, understated way is discussing what happens in a society when a tyrant rules a nation.

We find that out national leaders also do like Tyrant. Yes it's democracy but they all used to one thing that citizens of the nation to understand - it is his way or the highway. People often acquiesce when their lives and livelihoods are threatened. Therefore, the tyrant manipulates and controls people by having strict punishment always. They don't have any particular reason to become kind toward the citizens but for money and Political positions they show off more on social media. We see that our leaders's dictatorship and played no small role in shaping the world as we know it today and they had known it then.

They all do dictatorship but nothing to come out to shape the world.

Thank you...

Thinking activity:- W.B.Yeats's poems

Hello readers…

Welcome to my blog.

After completing the unit on W.B.Yeats’ poem our prof.Dr Dilip Barad Sir gave us a task as our thinking activity in classroom. So in this Blog I would like to talk about W.b.yeats poems. So first we see his poem 'The second coming'.

Analysis of "The Second Coming” as a Pandemic Poem:-

Original Poem:-

Turning and turning in the widening gyre

The falcon cannot hear the falconer;

Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;

Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,

The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere

The ceremony of innocence is drowned;

The best lack all conviction, while the worst

Are full of passionate intensityI.

Surely some revelation is at hand;

Surely the Second Coming is at hand.

The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out

When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi

Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert

A shape with lion body and the head of a man,

A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,

Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it

Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.

The darkness drops again; but now I know

That twenty centuries of stony sleep

Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,

And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,

Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

Written during the height of the Spanish Flu in 1919 and while his wife was herself stricken by the disease, W. B. Yeats penned this reflection, “The Second Coming”

The Second Coming" is a poem written by Irish poet W. B. Yeats in 1919, first printed in The Dial in November 1920, and afterwards included in his 1921 collection of verses Michael Robartes and the Dancer.The poem uses Christian imagery regarding the Apocalypse and Second Coming to allegorically describe the atmosphere of post-war Europe. It is considered a major work of modernist poetry and has been reprinted in several collections, including The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry.

As pandemic poem:-

This is a poem that has borrowed its title from W. B Yeats’ poem ‘The Second Coming’, explaining the serious consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on human life.

Yeats used the phrase "the second birth" instead of "the Second Coming" in his first drafts. The poem is also connected to the 1918–1919 flu pandemic: In the weeks preceding Yeats's writing of the poem, his pregnant wife Georgie Hyde-Lees caught the virus and was very close to death.

William Butler Yeats wrote "The Second Coming" a hundred years ago, when the world seemed on the verge.The losses of the First World War were still overwhelming when millions more began to die in the waves of a flu pandemic, which infected Yeats's wife, Georgie Hyde-Lees, while she was pregnant. She and their child would survive.

What we make of Yeats's poem a century later is like the history ahead, waiting to be made: it's up to us.

The poem is not about the Spanish flu, which left less of a mark on history than might have been imagined for an outbreak with such a heavy death toll, killing more Europeans than the cataclysmic four-year war with whose final stages it coincided. Nor does the pandemic seem to have had much of a direct imaginative impacts. While Yeats himself escaped the flu virus, his family had two potentially fatal brushes with the pandemic.

In this poem poet talk about the flu virus and this is might be related with our present because in now days we suffering from corona virus and for few days we find new Virus. So thing is that that time and this time is same. In flu Yeats lost his wife. And we also lost our lot's of people in this pandemic situation.

There is no particular virus in poem but because of virus he lost his wife.

So we might be considered this poem as pandemic poem.

And we all are waiting for second coming.

2)Evaluate 'On Being Asked for a War Poem.

‘On Being Asked for a War Poem’ is a poem by W. B. Yeats (1865-1939), written in 1915 and published the following year. It’s one of Yeats’s shortest well-known poems, comprising just six lines, and sets out why Yeats chooses not to write a ‘war poem’ for publication.

On being arked for a war poem is one of the popular poem of w b yeats. W B Yeats was lived in the time of world war because he know very well about world war. In this poem he discribes his emotion and feeling. This is a poem that conveys a different aspect in which the war should be remembered.

Instead of the narrator conveying to us that we should remember the soldiers as heroes, this text states that we should leave the tormented veterans alone as they have been scared from their experiences.

The words ?who can please a young girl in the indolence of her youth, or an old man upon a winter?s night?. Is not only a rhetorical question but also a simile that is describing that you cannot please a young girl who is stereotypically a lazy child is not one to be easily pleased and an old man on a winter?s night is describing that he will not be good company as he would feel the winter?s night through his ancient bones. This is being compared to a war veteran as they are run-down and over-used. The men would now be tired of their exhausting memories being replayed over in their head for many years constantly.

Original Poem:-

I think it better that in times like these

A poet’s mouth be silent, for in truth

We have no gift to set a statesman right;

He has had enough of meddling who can please

A young girl in the indolence of her youth,

Or an old man upon a winter’s night.

Summary:-

In summary, ‘On Being Asked for a War Poem’ is a poem about refusing to write a war poem when asked to produce one. This odd act of refusal-as-assent – writing a poem, but a poem which takes a stand against writing a certain kind of poem – has the air of irony about it, and Yeats probably intended his poem to be taken as a brief ‘thanks, but no thanks’.

Structure of the poem:-

In terms of its form, the poem is written in iambic pentameter, rhymed abcabc. The final two lines are the only ones which might cause some real head-scratching from readers (and critics), but Yeats appears to be making an appeal to the broad readership that poetry 

(including his poetry, by 1915) enjoyed: young girls might enjoy his romantic verses about old Ireland, while an old man might enjoy.

Why did Yeats refuse to write a ‘war poem’?:-

 In February 1915, Yeats had written to his friend Lady Gregory: ‘I suppose, like most wars it is at root a bagman’s war, a sacrifice of the best for the worst. I feel strangely enough most for the young Germans who are now being killed.’ Yeats goes on to say that the ‘bespectacled’ Germans he has seen remind him more of himself than the English soldiers (‘footballers’) or the French troops.

‘On Being Asked for a War Poem’ could be productively analysed alongside ‘An Irish Airman Foresees His Death’, for this reason. Yeats objected to the war, and could not imagine using poetry to wave the flag for the right ‘side’ (and his Irish blood would have boiled at the idea of writing a patriotic poem in support of the British troops in the war!). His line ‘We have no gift to set a statesman right’ is a forerunner to Auden’s famous line that ‘poetry makes nothing happen’, and the similarity is no coincidence: Auden makes that well-known statement in his elegy for W. B. Yeats, written in 1939.

Yeats’ poetry provides a view of the war which is Irish and Republican, and outside of the mainstream of British responses to the war. This poem is interesting in terms of the whole anthology because it declares that poets cannot write about war in activist or political terms. This can be strongly contrasted with a poem like Owen’s ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ or Sassoon’s ‘The General’. 

Yeats maintains an ironic tone. He belittles the role of an Irish Poet to seduce young woman and comfort and old man on his death bed. He characterized poets as meddlers. Although he states a "poets mouth" should "be silent" he voices his opinion by writing the poem in the first place. He is against WW1.

Conclusion:-

In sum up I can say that a changing nature is evident in Yeats' poetry, and I feel that this has made him become the highly admired and regarded poet that he is today. This unique aspect of Yeats' poetry makes his literature interesting and enticing, and thus, Yeats is one of my favourite Irish writer.

Thank you...

Interpretation of the play Breath by Samuel Beckett

Hello readers...

Welcome to my blog...

While studying ‘The Theatre of the Absurd’ and Samuel Beckett’s ‘Waiting for Godot’ in our Course, our professor discussed the film version of Beckett’s shortest play ‘Breath’ - thirty-seconds play and assigned us one of the most creative tasks to interpret this shortest play and shoot a small video. 

So firstly we throw some light on this short Play:-

Breath : play by Samuel Beckett :-

Click here to more information about this task.

  It was a short play of thirty two seconds.

Script of the play :-

CURTAIN Up:-

1. Faint light on stage littered with miscellaneous rubbish. Hold about five seconds.

2. Faint brief cry and immediately inspiration and slow increase of light together reaching maximum - together in about ten seconds. Silence and hold for about five seconds.

3. Expiration and slow decrease of light together reaching minimum together (light as in 1) in about ten seconds and immediately cry as before. Silence and hold about five seconds. 

CURTAIN Down

_________________________________________________

        Samuel Beckett wrote a short play of 32 seconds. It was a shock to see 32 seconds. There is no character , not a single dialogue, or not any movement, just breathing and a different type of light. It was interesting to interpret the play . Also it was a challenging task for all of us.The beginning part of script suggest birth, as the light inspires and grows. The end part suggests death as the light and the sound gradually decreases. But the setup is very rubbish, so it suggests that life is nothing but a rubbish stuff, spread hither and thither.

So, here i tried to make a short Breath video. 

"Breath"play by sneha Agravat

 In this video I have used some mechanical tools. take this things because there is furnituring work continue at my home from few days. when sir start this topics Existentialism and absurdity I also feel like that why we do this  things ? For better life? For better luxuries? what meaning to do such things? Because at that end we get nothing. It's make me to thinking about my life. What is the all things are going on? If I aware about all the things whhich I do. So I find that as the part of life we do effort for the Happy Life.

When  electronic things and some other things get damaged we try to repair it for such machines as I used in my vidio. So I also feel that when we find some damaged in our life like some time we feel angry, we feel numb, we feel sad but like this one machines we try to repair our life. No matter which machines help us to repair our life because it might be thing or person get help us to do like that.

Just like that when things damaged we need to help of machines that type when in our life somethings get damaged we need to help if some persons or some things.

So I learnt one thing that some times we do repairing of our life and it is required for us.

First I think about this things in the different way. But yes I appreciate that there is no meaning and nothing in life. We are just try to living with own way. 

For repairing purpose, I have a container full of mechanical tools like screws, nuts, bolts, wall-plugs, visors, rivets and many small articles. 

in his play Breath one can see so many things scattered around and in the video , that is our life , we think that we are surrounded by so many things but what is the meaning of all this things? what is the purpose of living? why do we eat ? why do we sleep ? why do we cry ? why do we fall in love ? do we exist ? Does it leads us to meaninglessness of life .

Here we can see the nothingness of life. The sound of inhaling the sound of breath is there. Here it seems like life is nothing more than just breathing in and out. Nothing is important, that is all absurdity.

at the end all things are meaningless , a rubbish , garbage, don't get too much attached with anything , just go with the flow , enjoy each and very situation, weather good or bad , that is life, it is meaningless. 

WHAT’S BEHIND THE SCENES?

See it's the mechanical tools. I don't know the proper name of all the things,which is I have used in my video. All the things you can find here. It's all needed for reparing and I learnt that one thing is that sometimes our life also need for reparing.

Here  I would like to post one photo of the one tweet which is tweet by our professor Dilip Barad sir. And I must appreciate with that.

its seems that sorrows and sufferings are the out part of life just as happiness is . Both are required for life so it's depending on us how we handle this both things.

Thank you...🙏

Thinking activity:-Bob Dylan and Robert Frost

Hello readers....

This Blog is the part of my thinking activity in classroom. In this  blog I would like to talk about two American famous figures Bob Dylan and Robert Frost.

So firstly we throw some light on the some basic information about the both.

Bob Dylan:-

Bob Dylan is one of the most influential singer-songwriters of the 20th century, known for songs that chronicle social and political issues.

When he is not making music, Dylan has explored his talents as a visual artist. His paintings appear on the covers of his albums, Self Portrait (1970) and Planet Waves (1974), and he has published several books of his paintings and drawings, as well as exhibited his artwork around the world.

Notable work:-

Nashville Skyline”

“Blood on the Tracks”

“John Wesley Harding”

“Desire”

“The Basement Tapes”

“Another Side of Bob Dylan”

“Before the Flood”

“Blonde On Blonde”

“Time Out of Mind”

“The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan”

2) Robert Frost:-

Robert Frost was an American poet who depicted realistic New England life through language and situations familiar to the common man. He won four Pulitzer Prizes for his work and spoke at John F. Kennedy's 1961 inauguration.

Robert Frost, in full Robert Lee Frost, (born March 26, 1874, San Francisco, California, U.S.—died January 29, 1963, Boston, Massachusetts).

Robert Frost was an American poet and winner of four Pulitzer Prizes. Famous works include “Fire and Ice,” “Mending Wall,” “Birches,” “Out Out,” “Nothing Gold Can Stay” and “Home Burial.” His 1916 poem, "The Road Not Taken," is often read at graduation ceremonies across the United States. As a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration, Frost became a poetic force and the unofficial "poet laureate" of the United States.

Frost spent his first 40 years as an unknown. He exploded on the scene after returning from England at the beginning of World War I. He died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963.

NOTABLE WORKS:-

“The Road Not Taken”

“The Death of the Hired Man”

“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”

“Mending Wall”

“After Apple-Picking”

“A Boy’s Will”

“Storm Fear”

“Mountain Interval”

“North of Boston”

“New Hampshire”

Let's see my interpretation on this both questions which is given by our professor.

1)Which song of Bob Dylan has made an impact on you? Why? Can you find a song similar to the same theme in other language?

As we discusse further that Bob Dylan is one of the most influential singer-songwriters of the 20th century, known for songs that chronicle social and political issues.

So in his songs I like the most song is "Blowin' in the Wind".  It is ths Bob Dylan's classic 1962 protest song, has had a long, rich life as an anthem for causes from civil rights to nuclear disarmament. In this song, the speaker poses a series of huge questions about the persistence of war and oppression, and then responds with one repeated, cryptic reply: "The answer, my friends, is blowin' in the wind." Finding an end to human cruelty, the song suggests, is a matter of understanding a truth that's all around—but paradoxically impossible to grasp.

 I like this song because perhaps the song is suggesting that people need to think and perceive in new, freer ways in order to break out of their old patterns of war and violence. That this is a job both for humanity at large and for every “man” offers a grain of hope in the song as well: if individual people can think in novel ways and come to understand how the answer might be “blowin’ in the wind,” maybe an end to war, cruelty, and oppression is possible after all.we really think about it in deep way.

 If we look that in our rotinue life  many times does a person have to look up before they actually see the sky? How many ears does a single person have to have before they'll actually listen to other people weeping? And how many people have to die for that same person to understand that there's too much death in the world? The answer to these questions is just moving through the air, my friend, it's just moving thorugh the air.

We learnt that all things are happened but one thing we try to always keep in our mind is that just moving.

I find one Gazal to similar with this poem:-

જીંદગી:- કુસુમ કુંદરિયા

જીંદગી તો એક જંગ છે.

કેટલા એનાય રંગ છે.

હાર ના માનો તમે કદી,

જીત હંમેશા સળંગ છે.

જીવવું તો ડર ન રાખવો,

હર ક્ષણે કેવો ઉમંગ છે.

સંકટોથી હારશો નહીં,

રીત સાચી એજ ઢંગ છે.

છૂટશે એ જાણ ના થશે,

આજ શ્વાસો પણ દબંગ છે.

રોજ એની જો નવી કથા.

એજ લાક્ષાની સુરંગ છે.

કંટકોની સાથ ફૂલ છે.

તું અકારણ કેમ તંગ છે.

In this gazal we find a theme of to flow like also we find same way in the song.

2.) Which poem of Robert Frost has made an impact on you? Why? 

Fire and Ice:-

Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.

From what I’ve tasted of desire

I hold with those who favor fire.

But if it had to perish twice,

I think I know enough of hate

To say that for destruction ice

Is also great

And would suffice.

 About poem:-

The poem is a work of eschatology—writing about the end of the world—and poses two possible causes for this end: fire and ice. The speaker uses these natural elements as symbols for desire and hatred, respectively, arguing that both emotions left unchecked have the capacity to destroy civilization itself.

 I like this poem because through the ice and fire poet represents the end of the world.Some people think the world will end in fire, whereas others think ice is more likely. in this poem we can find that speaker's experiences with desire, he or she tends to agree with those who believe fire is the more likely scenario. If the world were to end twice, however, the speaker feels that, based on his or her knowledge of human hatred, ice would be an equally powerful method of destruction—and would do the job sufficiently. It represents that fire is likely way for humanity to destroy itself and the world, the speaker also feels that human beings’ capacity for destruction is so great that it could bring about this destruction more than once. It's very intresting for me that ice” as another method for ending it all, aligning it with hatred. here is that the end of the world could be brought about by inaction rather than some singular major event.

One thing I really like that at the end of the poem the choice between “ice” and “fire” starts to seem a little false—particularly as the speaker’s tone is so casual and even glib .

I appreciate with poet that if have a choice what I selecte between ice and fire I also select the ice because Ice has connotations of coldness and indifference.

Thank you...

Transcendentalism - An Intellectual Movement

Hello readers...

This Blog is the part of my classroom thinking activity. In this blog I would like to talk about one important American theory

Transcendentalism.

So firstly we throw some light on this theory.

What is Transcendentalism?

Transcendentalism is a very formal word that describes a very simple idea. People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel.

Transcendentalism is a way of life. It was a literary, religious, and philosophical movement. One of its fundamental concepts was the quest for truth. It was not a formalized system, as it was based upon ideas from group of writers and thinkers sharing similar interests and outlooks on life. 

Truth:- Transcendentalists believe that one's own inner light comes from knowledge; therefore, trascendentalists are constantly seeking to gain a deeper truth about themselves and the world around them. This is where a new idea comes into play. Science. Transcendentalism helped bridge the gap between a faith based society, and one that relys on science. It encorporated ideas of science, but it did not place all faith in the scientific understanding of the world. 

Intuition. Not only do trascendentalists place importance on science, but much of their ideas are based upon one's intuition; the idea that the truth can be found through one's intution.

Individual. Great importance is placed on the individual. Not only are all individuals important to themselves, but all individuals are important to each other. This fostered the idea of respect towards each person. 

Most Important Authors:-

Ralph Waldo Emerson began his adult life as a Unitarian minister. He completed his studies at Harvard. As a child, he was greatly influenced by his aunt who introduced him to concepts such as the ideas of Hinduism. Emerson brought ideas of science, mysticism, and Eastern religions into the transcendentalist movement. 

Emerson's background as a minister greatly helped spread the ideas of transcendentalism. He preached in many churches, so many people were inclined to believe him. Emerson travelled a lot which encouraged the spread of trascendental ideas. 

One of Emerson's most prominent works was "The American Scholar." In this famous essay, he encouraged Americans to be proud of themselves and to stop looking elsewhere for ideas and inspiration.

Henry David Thoreau placed great emphasis on the importance of nature in one's life. For two years of his life, Thoreau lived in a hut he built on Walden Pond. He later wrote a book called Walden which described his experiences while living amongst nature. He also wrote an essay called "Civil Disobedience." The main purpose of this essay was that one's own conscience should be held at a higher priority than the law. 

These authors, along with others, were part of The Transcendental Club. The group met in Boston at the home of George Ripley. They started a publication known as The Dial which was edited by Margaret Fuller. Fuller was a radical feminist at the time.

Impact:-

-Thoreau's essay "Civil Disobedience" led to further ideas that one should do the right thing even if that goes against the law. These ideas influenced people such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. 

-Equality movement's today can be traced back to the transcendental movement's emphasis on the individual. 

-The transcendental movement led to the increased development of intellectual thought. 

Here is my interpretation on questions which is given in activity:-

1)Transcendentalists talks about Individual’s relation with Nature. What is Nature for you? Share your views.

what should I write about nature beacuse I am in love with nature. When I will near the nature I  stop my mind thinking about everything and I find peace from this illusionary world.  I find the what kind of exact meaning of my life. When someone times I tired from the some things and peoples arounding me I went to near the nature and I got peace there and my heart fill up with happiness. 

 Transedentalist believed that nature is sacred, and that it is imperative for individuals to connect with nature. Transcendentalists were lovers of nature, and did not think it was something that could be controlled by anyone.Everything humans have needed to survive, and thrive, was provided by the natural world around us: food, water, medicine, materials for shelter, and even natural cycles such as climate and nutrients.

I must say that When you're in nature, you don't have to look in mirrors. Instead, you're either focused on the setting around you, or on what you are doing, like climbing, setting up a tent, or gardening. Studies show that people's body image improves when we spend time in nature, and I think this is part of the reason why.

Nature calls you back to reality. You can't stop it from raining. You can't delay the setting sun. You can't set the temperature to a comfortable 70 degrees. If you're climbing a mountain, your muscles are going to burn. You remember that hardship and lack of control are part of life, and accepting this reality makes it not only bearable, but possible to feel the joy of being alive.

2)Transcendentalism is an American Philosophy that influenced American Literature at length. Can you find any Indian/Regional literature or Philosophy came up with such similar thought?

 Yes I find transedentalism theory in one religion book  "The Bhagavad Gita". It was said that Ralph Waldo Emerson was a highly influenced by Bhagvas Gita.Emerson was particularly struck by the teachings of Bhagavad Gita, “the first of books,” as he once called it . He wrote about the Gita that “In England the Understanding rules & materialistic truth, the becoming, the fit, the discreet, the brave, the advantageous But they could not produce such a book as the Bhagavat Geeta”. The Gita is an ancient Sanskrit text comprising of verses embellished with many literary devices such as allegory, metaphor, and allusion. It is a record of conversations between Bhagavan or God, in the form of Krishna, and Arjuna, a human. Arjuna is a ksatriya warrior of the Pandava family and Krishna is his cousin and the driver of his chariot. In the battle field, Arjuna sees many of his relatives in the opposing force and, being overcome by pity, he refuges to fight. Krishna then tries to make him realize the importance of fighting. He also reminds him of his obligation to follow his dharma or duty and to ignore his personal feelings. Krishna sends this message to the mankind through Arjuna, as does Christ through his twelve disciples. Krishna says: “Though unborn, for the Atman [soul] is eternal, though Lord of all beings, yet using my own nature, I come into existence using my own maya.” Krishna sends himself through human beings to save people from adharma, ruin of morality and justice. He says, “For whenever there is a decaying of dharma, and a rising up of adharma, then I send Myself forth” . This idea resonates with Emerson’s emphasis on intuition and conscience. In the essay “Over-Soul,” he writes that we, as individual souls, are part the Greater or Over-Soul. We do not have to go to church to be united with the Over-Soul because our intuition can illuminate our spiritual world like the flashes of light. Here, Emerson seems to be influenced by the teachings of the Upanisad and the Gita that nirguna [higher] Brahman, or what Emerson calls the Over-Soul, is manifested through human beings. 

In Bhagvad Gita we find this American theory in such good way.It seems to us like an advisor.we also follow many thinking of Bhagvad Gita in our daily life. It help to get us to the facts of our life. It's help to get and find us real meaning of our life.

Thank you...

Thinking activity-2 : For Whom The Bell Tolls

Hello readers...

This Blog is the part of the thinking activity in my classroom. In this blog I would like to talk about The two famous novel of Hemingway.

1)For Whom the Bell Tolls 

2)A Farewell to Arms

So firstly I throw some light on the novelist:-

American author Ernest Hemingway was one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. His machine-like style was precise and austere, but he also had a deft and gentle turn of phrase which gave his work its own peculiar beauty and power. He was a master of the action genre, but he also wrote passionately about love and life, war and work. Though Hemingway is often seen as the archetypal American writer, many of his books have a European air. Hemingway certainly experienced Europe – he drove ambulances in Italy in the First World War, worked as a journalist in the Spanish Civil War, and lived alongside other modernist artists and writers in Paris in the 1920s – and his love for these countries, especially Spain, and their culture permeates his work.

so let's start comparison between this two novels as point wise:-

Hemingway’s use of Language:-

The sun also Rises:-

Terse, Economical, Journalistic

These three words are often used to describe Hemingway’s distinctive prose style. He turns away from the lush, rich style of his precursors, or even of some of his contemporaries (contrast The Sun Also Rises to his friend Scott Fitzgerald’s book The Great Gatsby.

For Whom the Bell Tolls:-

English sprinkled with Spanish words and phrases. Many sections, especially dialogue and interior monologue, are written as though they have been translated word-for-word from Spanish to English and retain the structure and cadence of the Spanish language.

Hemingway’s use of Narrative Technique:-

The sun also Rises:-

The Sun Also Rises is written using a first person narrator. First person narrators play a role in the action of the story, act as the protagonist (main character), and tend to tell the story of his or her life (and the conflicts he or she faces).

The structure of the novel mirrors the technique Hemingway applies. The sentences tend to be short, choppy, and fast moving. The simplicity of the sentences and word choice are determined. 

Hemingway also talk aboutthemes and motifs to speak to an internal or hidden message. Structurally, the themes come out in the realistic actions and dialogue (morality and meaning in life). IN the same way, the motifs (communication, drinking, and friendship) need to be "persuaded" out the terse dialogue--readers need to "read into" the text. 

For Whom the Bell Tolls:-

For Hemingway, point of view is important. ‘For Whom Bell Tolls’ presents the narrative through an omniscient point of view that continually shifts back and forth between the characters. In this way, Hemingway can effectively chronicle the effect of the war on the men and women involved. The narrator shifts from Anselmo’s struggles in the snow during his watch to Pilar’s story about Pablo’s execution of Fascists and El Sordo’s lonely death to help readers more clearly visualize their experiences.

Hemingway’s Characterization:-

The sun also Rises:-

Jake Barnes:-

The narrator and protagonist of the novel. Jake is an American veteran of World War I working as a journalist in Paris, where he and his friends engage in an endless round of drinking and parties.

Lady Brett Ashley:-

A beautiful British socialite who drinks heavily.

Robert Cohn:-

A wealthy American writer living in Paris.

Bill Gorton:-

Like Jake, a heavy-drinking war veteran, though not an expatriate.   

Mike Campbell:-

A constantly drunk, bankrupt Scottish war veteran.

Pedro Romero:-

A beautiful, nineteen-year-old bullfighter.

Montoya:-

The owner of a Pamplona inn and a bullfighting expert.

Frances Clyne:-

Cohn’s girlfriend at the beginning of the novel. 

Count Mippipopolous:-

A wealthy Greek count and a veteran of seven wars and four revolutions.

Wilson-Harris:-

A British war veteran whom Jake and Bill befriend while fishing in Spain. 

Georgette

A beautiful but somewhat thick-witted prostitute whom Jake picks up and takes to dinner.

Belmonte:-

A bullfighter who fights on the same day as Pedro Romero. 

Harvyy stone:-

A drunken expatriate gambler who is perpetually out of money. Harvey is intelligent and well read.

For Whom the Bell Tolls:-

Robert Jordan:- An American college instructor of Spanish, fighting as a demolition expert with the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War.

Pablo:- Leader of the guerilla band whose aid Jordan enlists in the destruction of a bridge.

Pilar:- Pablo's mujer, who has kept the band together in spite of the fact that Pablo has "gone bad."

Maria:- A young girl whom the guerillas have rescued from enemy captivity and who falls in love with Jordan.

Anselmo:- An old man, one of the few members of Pablo's band whom Jordan trusts.

General Golz:- A Russian officer, one of the many military "observers" sent to aid the Spanish communists in the war, who is directing the forthcoming attack.

Kashkin:- Another Russian, Jordan's predecessor as demolition man with Pablo's band. He is dead when the book opens.

El Sordo The leader of another guerilla band which is hiding out in the vicinity of Pablo's cave.

Joaquin:- A young boy, member of El Sordo's band.

Eladio, Agustin, Andres, Primitivo, Fernando, and Rafael Members of Pablo's band.

His Point of View:-

The sun also Rises:-

The Sun Also Rises is told from a first person point of view by narrator and protagonist Jake Barnes. This is particularly important because the book is based on real experiences and people, with Hemingway basing the character of Jake on himself.

The Sun Also Rises is not specifically about those celebrated artists, it provides a vivid snapshot of the “Roaring Twenties” as well as any other fictional work of literature—that is not called The Great Gatsby. Among the innovations that both Hemingway and Fitzgerald introduced to literature is narration from the main characters point of view. Once that stance is taken, the reader may not always be certain whether the narrator is reliable. Both Fitzgerald and Hemingway milked those uncertainties to the fullest possible literary effects.

For Whom the Bell Tolls:-

 The narrative is written in a detached, journalistic style that focuses on what the characters can see, hear, or smell. This description is often restricted to what Robert Jordan can see or hear. On a few occasions, most notably when introducing Pablo confiding to his horse and introducing Karkov’s rescue of Andrés and Gomez in prison, the narrator comments on the unfolding action.

Thank you....

Flipped learning : Existentialism

Hello reader...

Warmly welcome to my blog. ..

In this Blog I would like to talk about one Modern theory Existentialism. This blog is the part of my classroom thinking activity.

Here this task has given to students by Prof. Dilip Barad sir for better understanding of post colonial mind and literature. Another objects is that we achieve deep knowledge about absurdity and existentialism through flipped learning. 

So firstly we throw some light what is the  Existentialism:-

                                                 “Existentialism” is a term that is belongs to intellectual history. Its definition is thus to some extent one of historical conveniences.This term was adopted as a self-description by Jean-Paul Sartre and through the wide dissemination of the postwar literary and philosophical output of Sartre and his associates notably Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Albert Camus who existentialism became identified with a cultural movement that flourished in Europe in the 1940 to 1950.

 Let's see Short Summary of 10 videos:

Video-1 What is Existentialism:-

 A first person who referred to himself as an existentialist and founded the whole moment was John Paul Sartre but start with Kierkegaard. When we read all the thinkers, we comes to know that their views are different from each other. But all are philosophical thinkers and they think individual. All believe that individual thinking is more convenient then group thinking and yes it's true. Your own thinking matters a lot. If you are talking about existentialism, than you have to remember threee main points that are:

  (1) individual

  (2) passion

  (3) freedom

 In this vidio  I find that Camus argue against this and he also said that by believing in god, you have taken the easy way to out. Believing in god is considered philosophy called suicide.

Video 2: The Myth of Sisyphus: The Absurd Reasoning (Feeling of the Absurd):-

This vidio leads us to think deeply on suicide.We have to ask ourselves to one question that why we are thinking about suicide? Suicide is individual thought. When we think about this? Because we think we are nothing in the world or our life is meaningless or Absurd. Sometimes your silence kills you.According to Albert Camus counter the notion that proper acceptance of the absurd entails suicide and he said that its philosophical problem and he mentions that the source of replacement is best way for that.

Video 3: The Myth of Sisyphus: the notion of philosophical suicide:- 

In this vidio we find three things main:-

A total absence of hope

A continuous rejection 

Conscious dissatisfaction

Maybe this three things leads us to do suiside is philosophical suiside.As we think our world is irrational and yes it is and you need human being for this irrationality to be conceived. We have to think that if there would not be any human being than there would not be any desire pr human nostalgia to be satisfied.

Video 4: Dadaism, Nihilism and Existentialism:-

Dada moment rose up against world war one in1916. Most people believe that Dadaism is associated with Nihilism but this is not true. Dadaism is a quest for change. We connect the absurdity of life with Dadaism. A few artists sucs as Hugo Ball Bianco, Jean Arp and Lazaro, Tistan Tzara and others were disgusted by the war moved to Zurich and found the movement. So Dadaism is a quest for searching something new and questioning rather than creating the things. Creation is primarily goal of Dadaism. It is very difficult to questioning the things which are exist. 

And one statement I like must is that:-

Nietzsche said that,

"Whom do they hate them most? Him who breaks up their tables of values the breaker, the law brakes, he however is the creator."

Video 5: Existentialism - a gloomy philosophy:-

In this vidio I really atteched with one statement:-

Nietzsche says:- "become who you are"

If you want to achieve something than you have to struggle a lot.You have to find your own meaning in life.Existentialism is Narcissistic philosophy.Being an individual does not mean you are narcissistic.Existentialism is response to emptiness.

Video 6 :Let us introduce Existentialism again:-

In this video I find that  how the concept of Nihilism differs from existentialism. And also how different thinkers view also given here. In which we come to know that writers' concept about Nihilism. Like Camus said that Rebellion is the only answer to absurdity.

Nietzsche said that:-

The highest value devaluate themselves.

In this vidio Kierkegaard defined as the loss of individually and his whole philosophical project can be summed up as an effort to promote subjectivity for.

Video : 7 Let us introduce Existentialism

 again:- 

in this vidio I like some statement which is emphasize to me think about the life like  Nietzsche's concept of "human to all human".And also a divine perspective versus human perspective.

" Existence precedes essence" by Sartre. In this video we find to think in some questions like why am I here? What does it mean to be human?how should I live my life?

Vidio :8:-Explain like I'm Five: Existentialism and Nietzsche:-

It was an interesting video in which we can see that if we introduce existentialism in front of five years old children, what to tell or what not to that is the question. But I enjoyed it a lot in this video. Students' reactions are also interesting to see.    If we make own rule for ourselves,not for other. So Ubermensch was suitable example for that. Fried-rich Nietzsche say that what is aspect of all are behave like one way or under same rule? because each person different to another so it's impossible task so that According to my point of view it's no need to rules.

Video 9: Why I like Existentialism? Eric Dodson:

 In this video we find that Eric Dodson who had shared his experience of existentialism. And also he was interestingly discussing how existentialism helped him. Movement of extraordinary or something staggering honesty, Understanding like holistically this is also important one. We find that Two sides to the way of deep looking :  mind and body.

this video changed mind toward this theory.

In this vidio find that if we think deeply on this theory you find the reality of life.

 Vidio 10:-Let us sum up: From Essentialism to Existentialism:-

In this vidio we find that he says that we find our excitence through the religion or by fighting social outside or education others or seeking beauty and artistic expression no matter how you do it . I really appreciate with that statement because we also do like that.

And one thing he says that world was not created for a reason and it doesn't exit for a reason.

  

Here are some thoughts which I like in this 10 vidios:-

Vidio:1 if you believe in God you have taken the easy way out for Kammo.

Vidio:2:- Camus says that " Suicide is an individual act".

Vidio:3 Kierkegaard says that" faith is solution of to the absurd.

Vidio:4 Nietzsche says that"Whom do they hate most?him who breaks up thier tables of values, the breaker, the lowbrecker,he however is the creation.

Vidio:5" Become who you are”

Video: 6. “Nihilism means that highest values devalued themselves”

Vidio:7 “human, all too human.”

Vidio:8:-  they are making up the rules and that existentialism.

Vidio:9 love and compassion are necesaties, not luxury.without them humanity cannot survive._Dalai Lama

Vidio:10 world was not created for as reason and it doesn't exit for a reason.

Afters this I like to share some questions which coming after the watching this videos:-

Video 1:- duration:-1:18

In the beginning of the vidio it explains that one triangle include three things (1) individual

(2)freedom and (3) passion to define existentialism theory. So my question is that

How these three things interdependent?

Video 2:- duration:-1:34

In this vidio I find one phrase of movie "Stay"

"An elegant suicide is the ultimate work of art."

I am unable to understand this phrase can you explain it?

Video 6:-duration:-1:13

 which gives meaning of value itself decreasing it's important at some point.Is death an option or compulsion?

Video 7:- duration:-6:28

'Human all too human' what is the proper perspective regarding this statement by Nietzsche?

Video 9:- duration:- 5:28

What is " strategic iraverence " how it connected with sense of Rebellion?

Video I liked the most:-

I like the most 9 vidio because it's help to me think differently towards the my life. I find that one statment by Dalai Lama in this vidio that "love and compassion are necesaties, not luxury.without them humanity cannot survive." And really agree with that. It help to me think about my life very deeply and live a life with reality. Normally we not think about our life deeply and take decision on others people's statements. So this vidio leads to me to the refreshments.

Learning outcome:

It is quite good experience because we always learnt to the persons and follow their instructions. But in flipped learning we learn from own self. And try to understand the things from the own self. And yes Because we have to ask a pertinent question. And asking pertinent questions isn't an easy thing. So we have to first of all understand what was the concept of Existentialism and its various aspects. Through watching videos it gives us interesting ideas about the topic of existentialism. Then we read a material that is shared by sir. Without reading the watching videos that is not significant. I learnt one thing that how to ask effective questions.

After watching this video I find the real meaning and understanding about existentialism in very deep way.

And also  one thing is good about this flipped learning is that we know how own self we learning the things and understanding. And also it's creat questions. So it's good experience for me.

Thank you...